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901.
Designing Systematic Conservation Assessments that Promote Effective Implementation: Best Practice from South Africa 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
ANDREW T. KNIGHT‡‡‡ AMANDA DRIVER†§§§ RICHARD M. COWLING KRISTAL MAZE‡ PHILIP G. DESMET§ AMANDA T. LOMBARD MATHIEU ROUGET††§§§ MARK A. BOTHA† RE F. BOSHOFF‡‡ J. GUY CASTLEY§§ PETER S. GOODMAN KATHY MACKINNON††† SHIRLEY M. PIERCE REBECCA SIMS-CASTLEY‡‡ WARRICK I. STEWART AMREI VON HASE† 《Conservation biology》2006,20(3):739-750
Abstract: Systematic conservation assessment and conservation planning are two distinct fields of conservation science often confused as one and the same. Systematic conservation assessment is the technical, often computer-based, identification of priority areas for conservation. Conservation planning is composed of a systematic conservation assessment coupled with processes for development of an implementation strategy and stakeholder collaboration. The peer-reviewed conservation biology literature abounds with studies analyzing the performance of assessments (e.g., area-selection techniques). This information alone, however, can never deliver effective conservation action; it informs conservation planning. Examples of how to translate systematic assessment outputs into knowledge and then use them for "doing" conservation are rare. South Africa has received generous international and domestic funding for regional conservation planning since the mid-1990s. We reviewed eight South African conservation planning processes and identified key ingredients of best practice for undertaking systematic conservation assessments in a way that facilitates implementing conservation action. These key ingredients include the design of conservation planning processes, skills for conservation assessment teams, collaboration with stakeholders, and interpretation and mainstreaming of products (e.g., maps) for stakeholders. Social learning institutions are critical to the successful operationalization of assessments within broader conservation planning processes and should include not only conservation planners but also diverse interest groups, including rural landowners, politicians, and government employees. 相似文献
902.
Summary. Host selection in tree-killing bark beetles
(Coleoptera: Scolytidae) is mediated by a complex of semiochemical
cues. Using gas chromatographic-electroantennographic
detection (GC-EAD) and GC-mass spectrometric
analyses, we conducted a comparative study of the electrophysiological
responses of four species of tree-killing bark
beetles, the Douglas-fir beetle, Dendroctonus pseudotsugae,
Hopkins, the mountain pine beetle, D. ponderosae Hopkins,
the spruce beetle, D. rufipennis Kirby, and the western balsam
bark beetle, Dryocoetes confusus Swaine, to volatiles
captured by aeration of 1) bole and foliage of four sympatric
species of conifers, Douglas-fir, Pseudotsuga menziesii
(Mirb.) Franco, lodgepole pine, Pinus contorta var. latifolia
Engelm., interior spruce, Picea engelmannii x glauca, and
interior fir, Abies lasiocarpa x bifolia, and 2) con- and
heterospecific beetles at three stages of attack. We identified
13 monoterpenes in the conifers and nine compounds in the
volatiles of beetles that elicited antennal responses. There
was no qualitative difference in the terpene constitution of
the four species of conifers and very little difference across
beetle species in their antennal response to compounds from
conifers or beetles. The lack of species-specific major or
minor components in conifers suggests that beetles would
need to detect differences in the ratios of different compounds
in conifers to discriminate among them. Attraction to
hosts and avoidance of nonhost conifers may be accentuated
by perception of compounds emitted by con- and heterospecific
beetles, respectively. The 22 compounds identified
are candidate semiochemicals with potential behavioural
roles in host location and discrimination. 相似文献
903.
~~特变电工衡阳变压器有限公司环境景观设计构思@陈盛彬$湖南环境生物职业技术学院园林系!湖南衡阳421005
@陈景$湖南环境生物职业技术学院园林系!湖南衡阳421005
@谢振华$衡南县林业局!湖南衡阳421005~~~~~~ 相似文献
904.
分析了采用叠氮化钠修正法测定水中溶解氧时,对水中亚硝酸根含量与叠氮化钠加入量的关系。 相似文献
905.
Nataliya Voloshchuk Mona Knop Thomas Colby Erich Kombrink Lothar Hennig Diana Hofmann Dieter Sicker Andrej Gryganski Margot Schulz 《Chemoecology》2007,17(1):1-12
Summary. Doratomyces stemonitis (Hyphomycetales, Dematiaceae) is a saprotrophic fungus belonging to the mycobiota of the cereal rhizosphere. The fungus is
able to metabolize benzoxazolin-2-(3H)-one and a variety of its derivatives including higher plant detoxification products, microbial degradation products and
the chemically rather stable 2-amino-(3H)-phenoxazin-3-one. D. stemonitis can use all of these compounds as sole C-sources but their utilization, especially that of microbial degradation products
and 2-amino-(3H)-phenoxazin-3-one, seems to be highly energy consuming, resulting in slow mycelium growth and a change of colony morphology.
Benzoxazolin-2-(3H)-one derived compounds induce the synthesis of different isoforms of a glycosylated protein with sequence homologies to the
endo-1,3-β-glucanase Asp f2, an allergen from Aspergillus fumigatus and other Asp f2-like proteins e.g., from Verticillium dahliae or PRA1 antigen from Candida albicans. The induction of the protein is regarded as a stress response. 相似文献
906.
MARTIN G. RAPHAEL 《Conservation biology》2006,20(2):297-305
Abstract: The Marbled Murrelet ( Brachyramphus marmoratus ) was listed as threatened in 1992, primarily because of loss of its old-forest nesting habitat. Monitoring conducted over the first 10 years following implementation of the Northwest Forest Plan shows at-sea murrelet populations appear to be stationary, but recruitment is very low and demographic models project a 4–6% annual rate of decline. Monitoring of nesting habitat indicated there were about 1.6 million ha of higher-suitability nesting habitat on all lands at the start of the plan, about half of which occurred on federal lands. Most (88%) of higher-suitability habitat on federal lands was protected within reserves. Over the past 10 years, losses of habitat due primarily to fire have totaled about 2% on federal lands. Losses have been much greater (12%) on nonfederal lands, due primarily to timber harvest. Habitat is expected to accrue within reserves as younger forest matures and attains sufficient diameter to support nesting sites. At-sea estimates of population size are strongly and positively correlated with amounts of adjacent nesting habitat at a broad scale, supporting the idea that amounts of nesting habitat are a primary driver in wide-scale murrelet population distribution. Conditions at sea, however, such as temperature regimes, prey availability, and pollutants, continue to affect murrelet populations. The system of large reserves seems to have achieved the short-term objective of conserving much of the remaining nesting habitat on federal lands. These reserves are also likely to contribute to the long-term objective of creating large, contiguous blocks of nesting habitat. The plan has a primary role in conserving and restoring nesting habitat on federal land but will succeed in this role only if land allocations calling for such protection are in place for many decades. 相似文献
907.
Guoliang Liu Shijie Han Xiuhai Zhao John D. Nelson Hongshu Wang Weiying Wang 《Ecological modelling》2006
We compared genetic algorithms, simulated annealing and hill climbing algorithms on spatially constrained, integrated forest planning problems. There has been growing interest in algorithms that mimic natural processes, such as genetic algorithms and simulated annealing. These algorithms use random moves to generate new solutions, and employ a probabilistic acceptance/rejection criterion that allows inferior moves within the search space. Algorithms for a genetic algorithm, simulated annealing, and random hill climbing are formulated and tested on a same-sample forest-planning problem where the adjacency rule is strictly enforced. Each method was randomly started 20 times and allowed to run for 10,000 iterations. All three algorithms identified good solutions (within 3% of the highest found), however, simulated annealing consistently produced superior solutions. Simulated annealing and random hill climbing were approximately 10 times faster than the genetic algorithm because only one solution needs to be modified at each iteration. Performance of simulated annealing was essentially independent of the starting point, giving it an important advantage over random hill climbing. The genetic algorithm was not well suited to the strict adjacency problem because considerable computation time was necessary to repair the damage caused during crossover. 相似文献
908.
张平 《湖南环境生物职业技术学院学报》2005,11(2):156-160
经济全球化背景下,产业安全问题成为影响中国产业竞争力的重要因素.行业协会对产业具有特殊的安全阀功能.发展中国行业协会,关键取决于政府对其的推动和扶持. 相似文献
909.
试论我国乡村景观的特点及乡村景观规划的目标和内容 总被引:19,自引:0,他引:19
乡村景观是指乡村地域范围内不同土地单元镶嵌而成的嵌块体,以农业特征为主,是人类在自然景观的基础上建立起来的自然生态结构与人为特征的综合体。随着城镇化进程的加快,我国乡村景观将面临着前所未有的变化。如何保护乡村景观的特色和完整性,充分挖掘乡村景观的生态和文化旅游价值,使其形成高效、完整并具有传统特色的多功能的乡村地域,是21世纪乡村可持续发展的重要任务之一。文章首先界定了乡村景观的概念和内涵,指出了我国乡村景观的主要特征;然后探讨了乡村景观规划与土地利用之间的关系,认为乡村景观规划是未来我国乡村持续发展的重要手段;最后系统地讨论了我国乡村景观规划的目标和内容。 相似文献
910.