铬酸钡光度法测定硫酸盐的改进研究

铬酸钡光度法是测定水中硫酸盐的常用方法之一，但是因为过滤法本身的粗糙使得检测结果重现性差、准确率低。为了提高该方法的准确度和精密度，现用离心机分离代替实验中过滤分离沉淀。实验表明离心机分离法线形范围0～200mg/L，回归方程：y=0．1129x-0．0030，γ=0．9992，检出限为7．10ng/L，回收率约96％～104％，相对标准偏差（RSD）为0．45％．2．37％，结果无显著性差异（t=0．24，P〉0．01）。该方法可应用于水中硫酸盐含量测定以提高准确度，方法快速简便，并与标准方法（重量法）比较，结果满意。     

基于Ⅰ-Ⅱ复合型裂纹破坏模式的条带矿柱破坏宽度研究

采用条带法进行地下开采时,条带矿柱的裂纹扩展导致了矿柱的最终破坏,且裂纹多表现为Ⅰ型裂纹与Ⅱ型裂纹复合扩展破坏特征。根据采场矿柱受力条件,确定条带矿柱受两侧采场空区影响时矿柱内Ⅰ-П复合型裂纹尖端的Westergaard应力函数,采用HoekBrown强度准则计算采场作业面围岩破坏区的边界条件,建立了矿柱破坏宽度计算模型。以上横山页岩矿床为研究对象,采用物理相似模拟试验,模拟条带法回采某盘区3个试验区段,利用DIP法分析受地应力及回采扰动作用下矿柱的裂纹发育特征,验证模型的有效性。结果表明,条带及其条带矿柱均为15 m等设计参数条件下,计算模型矿柱破坏宽度理论值分别为17.66 m、15.56 m和10.28 m,试验模拟结果分别为完全大于15 m、约为15 m和10.5~11.0 m,试验结果与依据模型计算的理论值相近。     

The consequences of avoiding conflict: lessons from conservation planning for Europe's last wild reindeer

This paper seeks to contribute to debates on the potential for conservation planning to engage actively with conflict. Current research in conservation planning generally approaches conflict by concentrating on the challenges of securing agreement and consensus. Recent planning literature advocates approaches that are more open to conflict. In the analysis of a Norwegian regional planning process for wild reindeer conservation, we examine how planning authorities handled conflict, and in particular how planning documents portrayed conflicts expressed during the planning process. Findings show that the aim of reaching regional consensus limited the scope of planning, and led to the exclusion of difficult issues and opposing views. Instead of engaging actively with conflict, the planning authority framed opposing positions as unplannable, and failed to recognise them as legitimate. This contributed to weakening of the legitimacy of the regional plan when put to the test.     

Positive perceptions of green and open space as predictors of neighbourhood quality of life: implications for urban planning across the city region

The provision of green and open space in the face of wider development pressure is a key urban challenge. Despite this, few studies have critically investigated the quality of life implications of such provision. This paper focuses on perceptions of built environment factors and their influence on neighbourhood quality of life. Data are drawn from a household survey questionnaire completed by 483 residents living in three neighbourhoods in Dublin, Ireland – an inner city neighbourhood, a suburb and a peri-urban settlement. Positive perceptions of green and open space were identified as important predictors of high levels of neighbourhood satisfaction, surpassed only by dwelling characteristics. This suggests that development strategies which fail to provide for properly planned green and open spaces may be detrimental to neighbourhood quality of life. Furthermore, the results suggest a need for design solutions which consider neighbourhood typology in achieving improved neighbourhood quality of life.     

Federal Decentralization and Adaptive Management of Water Resources: Reservoir Reallocation by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

Reservoir operations must respond to changing conditions, such as climate, water demand, regulations, and sedimentation. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (Corps) can reallocate reservoir storage to respond to such changes. We assembled and analyzed a database of reservoir reallocations implemented and proposed by the Corps. While only a small portion of total reservoir storage nationwide has been reallocated, there are substantial differences in reallocation frequency and magnitude across the nation: some Corps Districts and Divisions use reallocation while others do not, relying more on discretion and small‐scale adaptation of operations. This difference illustrates how water resource agencies like the Corps decentralize management decisions to allow responding to disparate conditions. Decentralized decision‐making provides a responsive approach to water management, while centralized and hierarchical decision‐making is a slower, more deliberative approach. Decentralized decision‐making may lead to the accumulation of short‐term, local decisions over time to the point that the system is managed differently than anticipated. Reallocation, which is a form of planned adaptive management, can be accommodating of multiple competing demands and different stakeholders, yet expensive and less temporally responsive. The challenge for any large water resource management agency is to balance between local‐level, responsive discretion vs. centralized, planned decision‐making.     

中国水污染防治40年回顾与展望

改革开放40多年来,我国水污染防治工作取得巨大成效。本文通过回顾我国水污染防治发展历程和总结不同阶段我国流域水污染防治工作特点,提出了面向2035年水生态环境保护的管理建议,以期为2035年美丽中国水环境建设提供参考。     

市县“双评价”中优势农业空间划定研究：理论、方法和案例

我国城镇化迅速蚕食宝贵的耕地资源和乡村聚落,保护基本农田、保护乡村、保护农业空间的需求迫在眉睫。新一轮市县国土空间规划“双评价”中,针对“农业空间”只重视基本农田和粮食生产的不足,旨在构建“优势农业空间”划定的理论框架和技术方法,为保护农林牧副渔大农业空间、全农业领域生产者和特色、重点农村地区奠定基础。（1）在生态保护极重要区以外,开展全域、全要素的种植业、畜牧业、渔业生产适宜性评价,识别农业生产适宜区和不适宜区;（2）基于高产稳产、规模经营和集中连片三原则,进一步细化评价重要经济作物适宜区、地域特色农产品适宜区等;（3）在此基础上,结合特色村落、重大农业基础设施要素识别优势农业空间。该技术框架在沈阳和温州市县“双评价”中取得了科学实用的评价成果,为我国正在展开的国土空间规划提供了科学支撑。     

省级“双评价”的理论思考与实践方案——以浙江省为例

资源环境承载能力与国土空间开发适宜性评价（“双评价”）在国土空间规划体系中发挥着重要的基础性作用,是空间决策科学性和空间治理有效性的基本保障。从省级国土空间规划的定位出发,剖析省级国土空间规划对“双评价”科学支撑和简单适用的基本要求,总结当前省级“双评价”面临理论与实践的挑战。在此基础上,构建了一套“三维内涵—一对关系—两种尺度—四个层面”的省级“双评价”方案,深入挖掘资源环境承载的能力、压力、潜力三维内涵,立足于承载力与适宜性之间的逻辑联系,以浙江省为案例,从县级行政区和栅格单元两种尺度开展了“双评价”实践,并从优势短板识别、要素空间统筹、开发时序安排及空间格局优化四个层面支撑省级国土空间规划的编制。旨在为省级“双评价”提供一种可行、科学、实用的评价框架,为国土空间规划中布局优化、结构调整、指标分解等实践提供支撑。     

生态文明视角下喀斯特地区“双评价”研究——以生态敏感区宁远县为例

精简“双评价”流程、融合评价机制,基于生态文明视角构建具有喀斯特地区特色的指标体系,刻画国土空间开发与保护格局特征,对于生态敏感脆弱区可持续发展具有重要指导意义。分别从生态、农业与建设三个视角构建指标体系,将资源环境承载力和国土空间开发适宜性评价指标整合,从国土的用途功能出发,提供一个全新的评价思路,测算宁远县国土对于不同功能的适宜程度。结果表明：（1）宁远县生态保护重要性总体较高,不同等级、地区空间集聚和分异特征明显,呈南北两侧高、中部和西部偏低的分布格局,需重点加强南北两侧生态空间的保护力度,满足国家提倡的生态文明建设要求;（2）农业生产适宜性总体较低,适宜生产区域主要以城区中心分割线为轴带,呈东、西两侧对称分布格局,和生态保护空间存在一定冲突,需合理优化农业生产结构和布局,保障区域粮食和生态的“双安全”;（3）建设开发适宜性总体上较低,中心外围分布格局特征显著,以中心城区为核心并向四周辐射递减,需节约集约利用国土资源,适当调整和转变发展利用方式,协调“三生空间”关系;（4）以中心县城为核心,“三环带放射式”的国土开发与保护空间格局特征明显,建设—农业—生态空间呈“同心圆”圈层结构分布;（5）多宜、双宜、单宜与不宜空间面积依次为36672.67 hm²、32276.11 hm²、181022 hm²、175.46 hm²,分别占宁远县国土的14.66%、12.90%、72.37%、0.07%。从生态文明视角开展喀斯特地区“双评价”研究,更为精细地摸清特殊地貌的国土基数与空间基底,提升了国土空间规划的科学性与操作性,可为其他喀斯特生态脆弱区域“双评价”工作开展提供科学支撑。     

基于多目标优化与综合评价的海绵城市规划设计

海绵城市源头减排设施已被广泛应用于城市雨水径流削减与污染控制,但仍缺乏一种综合评价方法来实现其科学规划设计.本研究构建了一种基于多目标优化与综合评价相耦合的海绵城市规划设计方法,以建设成本、雨水综合径流系数、污染物综合控制率为目标函数,以源头减排设施建设规模和海绵城市径流控制指标作为边界条件,建立基于快速分类的非支配遗传算法（NSGA-Ⅱ）的多目标优化模型;然后结合层次分析法对优化解集进行综合指标评价,得出最优化设计方案.利用该方法以研究区A为案例,构建了一套建设成本最小化、水文水质效益最大化的设计方案,并通过海绵城市建设前后的暴雨洪水管理模型（SWMM）,评估最优化方案的降雨径流控制与径流污染控制效果.研究结果表明,海绵城市建设能大幅削减雨水径流量,年径流总量控制率达70.1%;雨水峰值流量削减率超过40%,同时延后径流峰值出现时间;有效降低雨水径流污染,研究区各类污染物综合削减率均超过30%.本文提出的多目标优化与综合评价方法,能够基于特定的目标与需求,针对性提出适合区域发展的海绵建设方案,为海绵城市规划设计提供技术支持.