化工园区大气在线监控优先污染物筛选方法研究

针对当前我国化工园区污染物在线监控的需求,借鉴国内外研究的经验,以污染物的致癌性、急性毒性、化学反应活性为筛选因子,提出了一套简易的在线监控优先污染物筛选方法,并以宁波石化工业园为实例,筛选出46种优先监控污染物,名单主要包括烷烃类1种,烯烃类8种,卤代烃类6种,醛酮类3种,醚类2种,酚类1种,芳烃类12种,杂环化合物1种,醇类3种,胺类4种,硝基化合物1种,无机化合物3种及丙烯腈,为后续大气污染物在线监控的设置提供了科学依据.     

长沙市产业园区优化整合研究

产业园区作为产业发展的载体,是区域经济发展、产业调整升级的重要空间集聚形式.由于缺乏正确引导,长沙市产业园区出现了产业同构、园区特色不鲜明、土地利用效率低下、园区功能分区不合理、园区发展参差不齐等问题.以此为研究对象,从园区等级、空间和产业三大方面提岀优化整合策略,为长沙市产业园区发展提供参考.     

PMF和RF模型联用的土壤重金属污染来源解析与污染评价：以西北某典型工业园区为例

基于西北某典型工业园区工厂内的地表土壤中7种重金属元素[As、 Cd、 Cu、 Pb、 Hg、 Ni和Cr(Ⅵ)]的含量,分析该工业园区重金属污染特征,并采用潜在生态风险指数和地累积指数法分别进行生态风险和污染评价;利用正定矩阵因子分解(PMF)模型和随机森林(RF)模型进行定量源解析,并结合采样企业排污资料和源排放成分谱经验数据识别特征元素,判定排放源类别.结果表明,园区所有采样点位的重金属均未超过建设用地土壤污染风险管控标准(GB 36600-2018)中第二类建设用地筛选值;但相比当地土壤背景值,除As和Cr以外的5种元素均有不同程度的富集,整体呈轻微污染和中度生态风险(RI=250.04);其中Cd和Hg是该园区的主要风险元素;源解析结果得到5类主要污染源,分别是化石燃料燃烧与化工生产源(33.73%和9.71%,分别为PMF和RF所得源贡献率,下同),自然来源与废渣堆填(32.40%和40.80%)、交通排放(24.49%和48.08%)、燃煤与有色金属冶炼(5.43%和0.11%)以及电镀与矿石冶炼(3.95%和1.30%).两种模型的总体变量模拟效果R²     

Role of non-timber forest products in sustaining forest-based livelihoods and rural households' resilience capacity in and around protected area: a Bangladesh study†

People in the developing world derive a significant part of their livelihoods from various forest products, particularly non-timber forest products (NTFPs). This article attempts to explore the contribution of NTFPs in sustaining forest-based rural livelihood in and around a protected area (PA) of Bangladesh, and their potential role in enhancing households' resilience capacity. Based on empirical investigation, our study revealed that local communities gather a substantial amount of NTFPs from national park despite the official restrictions. Twenty seven percent households (HHs) of the area received at least some cash benefit from the collection, processing and selling of NTFPs, and NTFPs contribute to HHs' primary, supplementary and emergency sources of income. NTFPs also constituted an estimated 19% of HHs' net annual income, and were the primary occupation for about 18% of the HHs. HHs' dependency on nearby forests for various NTFPs varied vis-à-vis their socio-economic condition, as well as with their location from the park. Based on our case study, the article also offers some clues for improving the situation in PA.     

广州中心城区公园绿地空间格局及可达性分析

公园绿地是城市中一类典型的开敞空间,对维护城市生态与人居环境健康具有重要意义,其空间布局的合理性与可达性直接影响其对城市居民的服务水平。以广州中心城区为例,借助GIS技术和景观格局指数,分析城市公园绿地景观格局、可达性和服务状况,并探讨城市公园绿地空间格局对其可达性影响。结果表明：①市级公园其面积占公园绿地总面积的84.71%,城市公园绿地聚集度为92.44,广州中心城区公园绿地景观类型和空间格局不尽合理;②网络分析表明研究区仅有22.35%的面积和44.67%的人口能够较便捷地到达邻近公园绿地,广州中心城区公园绿地的可达性和服务效果不理想;③城市公园绿地数量与空间格局是影响其可达性与服务水平的重要因子。     

Evaluating the environmental impacts of an urban wetland park based on emergy accounting and life cycle assessment: A case study in Beijing

In this paper, emergy accounting (EA) and life cycle assessment (LCA) methods are employed to investigate a typical urban wetland park, the Green Lake Urban Wetland Park (GLUWP) of Beijing, in terms of its environmental and capital inputs, ecosystem services and organic matter yields, environmental support, and sustainability. The LCA method is also used to obtain a quantitative estimation of the environmental impact of discharges during the entire life cycle of the GLUWP. Various emergy-based indices, such as emergy yield ratio (EYR), environmental load ratio (ELR), emergy sustainability index (ESI), net economic benefit (Np), and environmental impacts of process-based LCA, including global warming potential (GWP), eutrophication (EU), nonrenewable resource depletion (RU), energy consumption (EN), acidification potential (AP), photochemical oxidant creation potential (POCP), particulate matter (PM) and wastes (W), are calculated. The results show that the GLUWP has higher proportions of renewable resource input, less pressure on the environment, more environmental support and better ecological and economic benefits, which can be considered as an environment-friendly and long-term sustainable ecological practice, compared with another constructed wetland in Beijing. Meanwhile, the dominant environmental impact is induced by POCP with the construction phase contributing the most on the entire life cycle. It is expected that increasing green area, extensively using environment-friendly materials, optimizing construction techniques and reducing power consumption can promote the sustainability of the GLUWP.     

Producer-level benefits of sustainability certification

Initiatives certifying that producers of goods and services adhere to defined environmental and social-welfare production standards are increasingly popular. According to proponents, these initiatives create financial incentives for producers to improve their environmental, social, and economic performance. We reviewed the evidence on whether these initiatives have such benefits. We identified peer-reviewed, ex post, producer-level studies in economic sectors in which certification is particularly prevalent (bananas, coffee, fish products, forest products, and tourism operations), classified these studies on the basis of whether their design and methods likely generated credible results, summarized findings from the studies with credible results, and considered how these findings might guide future research. We found 46 relevant studies, most of which focused on coffee and forest products and examined fair-trade and Forest Stewardship Council certification. The methods used in 11 studies likely generated credible results. Of these 11 studies, nine examined the economic effects and two the environmental effects of certification. The results of four of the 11 studies, all of which examined economic effects, showed that certification has producer-level benefits. Hence, the evidence to support the hypothesis that certification benefits the environment or producers is limited. More evidence could be generated by incorporating rigorous, independent evaluation into the design and implementation of projects promoting certification.     

某化工园区废水处理工程设计实例

采用“分质调节—混凝沉淀—厌氧水解—缺氧生物处理—好氧生物处理”工艺处理某化工园区以氟化工和精细化工废水为主的工业废水。工程运行结果表明：废水经处理后,COD=35 mg/L,TN=5.2 mg/L,ρ（NH₃-N）=3.1 mg/L,TP=0.15 mg/L;COD,TN,NH₃-N,TP的去除率分别为91.1％,67.1％,70.5％,89.3％;出水达到DB 32/T1072—2007《太湖地区城镇污水处理厂及重点工业行业主要水污染物排放限值》中的排放标准。工程设计规模1.0×10⁴ m³/d,工程总投资约5 000 万元,直接运行费用1.50 元/m³。每年减少COD,TN,NH₃-N,TP的排放量分别约为1 324.6,38.69,11.05,4.56 t。该工程的实施明显改善了区域水环境,为太湖流域污染的治理提供了技术支撑。     

生化-臭氧-曝气生物滤池组合工艺处理制药园区综合废水

针对某制药工业园区综合废水污染物成分复杂、难降解、毒性大、色度深等特点,提出了水解酸化／好氧-臭氧-曝气生物滤池（H／O-O3-BAF）的工艺流程。通过现场实验研究对处理流程以及各个处理单元的运行参数进行了优化。系统稳定运行期间,处理出水化学需氧量（COD）小于50mg／L,色度小于4倍,出水水质达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》（GB18918—2002）中一级A标准。发光菌毒性的测试表明,该工艺流程可有效削减废水中的生物毒性。     

基于外部性视角的区域生态补偿理论问题研究

当面对实现区域协调发展这一重大科学和实践命题时,生态补偿自然要同时解决人地关系中的区域关系,这就是区域生态补偿问题。地理运动构造了地理环境的整体性,而现实中的区域都具有产权区域属性,产权区域分割地理环境的整体性,使跨区域的地理运动演化为一个区域对其他区域的影响,即区域外部性问题。区域外部性所要解决的核心问题是判断外部性的“作用区域”,从而讨论外部性的空间特性,包括作用方向、范围和空间格局,并最终得到关于区域分布和区域关系的更加深入的认识。区域外部性理论能从特定的角度回答诸如为什么要实施区域生态补偿,如何确定补偿中的责任主体,如何设计补偿方式和确定补偿标准等区域生态补偿中的一些基本理论问题,从而成为其重要的理论基础。