提高区域生态环境质量综合评价水平的新思路--GIS与层次分析法的结合

区域生态环境质量综合评价涉及众多要素，同时又需要反映生态环境质量状况的空间格局。层次分析法在多要素综合评价方面具有独特优势，而GIS技术拥有强大的空间分析能力，将GIS与层次分析法相结合应用于江苏省生态环境质量综合评价，可以充分发挥两种方法的优势。首先，根据江苏省生态环境的基本特点确定生态环境质量综合评价的指标体系和基本评价单元，通过层次分析法，确定各评价指标的权重，计算出每个评价单元的生态环境质量综合指数和分指数；然后运用GIS技术，根据每个评价单元的质量指数和分指数，自动生成江苏省生态环境综合评价等级图；在此基础上，对江苏省生态环境整体及各不同侧面质量状况的空间分异规律进行分析和研究。结果显示，江苏省生态环境质量基本上由南向北逐渐降低，与自然环境状况的空间格局大体吻合，但局部地区有差异。表明自然条件对江苏省生态环境质量的空间分异起决定性作用，但社会经济和环境污染等因素同样对生态环境具有重要影响，在某些情况下，甚至可以成为决定因素，并在一定程度上改变生态环境的空间格局。     

THE COST OF PEAK CAPACITY WATER1

ABSTRACT: Calgary, the fastest growing city in Canada, is about to expand its urban water supply facilities in order to meet peak summer demands. Most of Calgary's residential water is sold by flat rate. The effect of this pricing policy on peak and average demands is discussed. The true marginal cost of peak capacity from the new expansion is calculated. The effect of a proposed metering program on capacity expansion requirements is computed. It is concluded that metering should preceed the next capacity expansion.     

基于生态足迹方法的苏州市循环经济发展评价

依据生态足迹模型,计算了苏州市2004—2008年开展循环经济期间的生态足迹,并对其生态足迹多样性指数和可持续发展能力指标等进行分析。分析结果表明,自2004年推进循环经济以来,虽然苏州市生态足迹和生态赤字逐年增大,但是其年增长速度逐渐减小,发展模式正在向可持续发展方向转变。由于苏州的土地类型利用多样性不高,经济发展过度依赖能源的消耗,导致系统的发展能力受到限制,据此提出了苏州市进一步发展循环经济的对策建议。     

基于资源环境承载力的规划结构优化方法探讨

规划结构合理性以及规划结构优化是规划环境影响评价关注的核心问题之一。文章以某煤电、煤化工基地规划环评为例,探讨了以区域资源、环境承载力为约束条件,以经济效益最大化为规划目标,采用线性规划法优化煤电、煤化工基地规划结构的过程。线性规划模型以煤电、煤化工产品的规模作为变量;资源、环境约束条件包括水资源消耗量、煤炭资源消耗量、蒸汽消耗量、电能消耗量、SO2排放量和CO2排放量。通过线性规划模型对煤电、煤化工产品的规模进行优化,在增加煤电、煤化工基地的经济效益的同时,减小了区域资源消耗和污染物排放水平。     

泸沽湖里格生态环境管理决策机制与成效分析

文章利用GIS和水质监测等手段对泸沽湖里格村从无序开发到全面生态环境整治过程中的生态环境变化和管理对策实施效果进行了分析,得到了如下结论:(1)2005～2006年,里格村的生态建设取得了重大进展,湿地面积增加了26910.3m2,其中有53.1%来源于搬迁前的建设用地,26.1%来源于农田;(2)里格村的污水处理系统对COD、NH3-N、TP、TSS具有很好的除去效果,除去率分别高达85%、95%、90%、100%,保证了泸沽湖Ⅰ类水质的要求。文章的研究为风景旅游区初期开发过程中的生态环境管理提供了参考和借鉴。     

Removal of bromate ion using powdered activated carbon

Bromate ion (BrO 3) removal from drinking water by powdered activated carbons (PAC S) in bath mode was evaluated under various operational conditions.Six kinds of PACs,including wood-based carbon,fruit-based carbon,coal-based carbon,and these three carbons thermally deoxidized in a nitrogen atmosphere,were selected to investigate their capacity on BrO 3 removal.With the highest zeta potential value and being richly mesoporous,coal-based carbon had a high and an excellent BrO 3 adsorption efficiency.The removal content of BrO 3 by per gram of coal-based carbon was 0.45 mg within 5 hr in 100 μg/L bromate solution.The surface characteristics of PACs and bromide formation revealed that both physical and chemical PACs properties simultaneously affected the adsorptionreduction process.Under acidic conditions,PAC S possessed high zeta value and adequate basic groups and exhibited neutral or positive charges,promoting BrO 3 adsorption-reduction on the carbon surface.Interestingly,the PAC S thermally deoxidized in N 2 atmosphere optimized their properties,e.g.increasing their zeta values and decreasing the oxygen content which accelerated the BrO 3 removal rate.The maximum adsorption capacity of fruit-based carbon was the highest among all tested carbons (99.6 mg/g),possibly due to its highest pore volume.Remarkably,the thermal regeneration of PACs in N 2 atmosphere could completely recover the adsorption capacity of PACs.The kinetic data obtained from carbons was analyzed using pseudo second-order and intraparticle diffusion models,with results showing that the intraparticle diffusion was the more applicable model to describe adsorption of BrO 3 onto PACs.     

特大城市交通承载力定量模型的建立与应用

基于"机动车在驶量"构建了由路网资源、燃油供给和大气环境3个模块组成的交通承载力宏观定量模型.并选择北京市城区作为案例验证模型.结果显示,该模型能够较好的反映资源、环境与交通之间的关系.北京市城区交通承载力在2005年出行比率和平均时速23km·h-1条件下为45.35×104辆,其中轿车为29.73 × 104辆,北京市交通发展面对的直接压力是机动车在驶量偏高.     

活性炭吸附处理黄磷化工渗滤液研究

研究了颗粒活性炭对黄磷化工渗滤液中有机物的吸附容量、吸附热力学和动力学。结果表明:颗粒活性炭对渗滤液中有机物的吸附容量几乎不受渗滤液pH值的影响,吸附45min后基本达到平衡。吸附等温线更符合修正的Freundlich模型,表明实验中的吸附主要是多分子层的吸附。拟二级动力学模型能更好的定量描述有机物在颗粒活性炭上的吸附过程,速率常数k2=0.12128g/(mg·min),平衡吸附量qe=5.78748mg/g。     

An empirical approach to assessing generic adaptive capacity to tropical cyclone risk in coastal districts of India

Differences in impacts of climate hazards across exposed units are determined by many factors including the severity of the hazard itself, the population that is exposed to the hazard and the coping capacity of the exposed units to the hazard. Coping capacity or adaptive capacity results from a combination of development status (generic capacity) and interventions pertinent to the hazard (specific capacity). This paper explores the extent to which the generic adaptive capacity may explain the variation in tropical cyclone impacts. Therefore this paper offers an empirical approach by which adaptive capacity may be measured and validated against actual outcomes. Results not only validate the role of generic adaptive capacity in explaining variations in impact but also reveal that general development indicators are not very important as far as predicting outcomes is concerned. Those indicators of development that can be linked to the impact process are significant in explaining and predicting impact. This can help identify those aspects of generic adaptive capacity which are important from the perspective of policy action for enhancing adaptive capacity to a particular climate hazard.

牡丹江市大气环境容量研究

为了更合理地制定牡丹江市总量控制目标和控制战略,使有限的大气环境容量资源得到合理的利用,促进牡丹江市大气污染物排污许可制度的落实,为“十一五”城市环境保护规划提供技术支持,对牡丹江市大气环境质量现状、大气污染源、气象条件及环境空气质量功能区划分等进行了较为详细的调查分析,并对目前常用的容量测算模型进行了比较,结合牡丹江市的实际情况,认为A-P值法为目前牡丹江市大气环境容量测算的适用模型,并对牡丹江市大气环境容量进行了研究,为牡丹江市合理管理和利用大气环境容量提供了科学依据。