从产权理论角度试论富余排污量交易制度

通过阐述产权理论的基本观点 ,分析了环境资源的产权特性 ,指出了建立与污染物排放总量控制政策相配套的富余排污量交易制度对明确环境资源的产权关系、促进外部不经济的内部化、实现资源的有效配置、激励企业积极进行污染的治理、降低污染防治的交易成本、以及有效促进环境质量的改善和提高的重要意义。富余排污量交易制度能为实现城市环境和经济的同步可持续发展奠定宏观基础 ,其应成为现代环境保护制度的一个重要研究发展方向     

潜流湿地中蛭石填料对氮磷的去除效果研究

研究了天然蛭石与生物蛭石的氨氮吸附能力.试验结果表明:天然理论饱和吸附量为2.56 mg·g-1,天然蛭石在连续穿透试验中最大单位吸附量为1.768 mg·g-1,在给定HRT条件下生物蛭石柱1与柱2的平均吸附量分别为0.008 1 mg·g-1与0.006 4 mg·g-1.运行20 d里生物蛭石柱对氨氮的去除率一直在80%以上,结果显示仅在试验初期生物蛭石对磷有较好的去除效果.     

崇明岛生态保护与生态补偿分析

以崇明岛为研究对象,通过与上海整体水平的比较,分析了岛域的社会经济状况和生态环境特点,并采用生态足迹模型分析了崇明岛的生态承载力及其对上海城市发展的生态支持作用。在此基础上,从内部机制和外部机制两个方面提出了对崇明岛生态保护进行生态补偿的对策措施。     

市(县)域生态环境功能区划分理论和方法初探——以福清市生态环境功能区划为例

地区经济和社会的高速发展,给区域的生态环境造成巨大的生态压力,成为影响地区可持续发展的制约因素.生态环境功能区划是根据生态环境要素特征、生态服务功能空间分异规律及生态承载力,将一个区域划分为不同生态环境功能区的过程,是生态市(县)建设规划的重要组成部分.本文以生态承载力理论为生态环境功能区划技术基础,分析探讨了市(县)域生态功能区划的主要功能和需要解决的核心问题,并以福清市为例探讨了生态环境功能区划的实际应用方法,供读者商榷.     

青海省塔拉滩草原利用方向探讨

青海省共和县塔拉滩是一个平坦开阔的大草原，近４０多年来一直有宜农与宜牧之争。本文就此，从３个方面作了重点论述：垦滩种粮的后果严重；超载过牧也有潜在生态危机；最佳出路是将根治沙源与合理利用草原结合起来，发展季节畜牧业，走一条治用结合、滩谷互补、农牧业相互促进的道路，建设一个新型草原。     

黄土丘陵“梯田退耕”生态重建及地域分异特征

基于黄土丘陵区过去10年科技攻关成果及延安燕沟流域示范成功经验,在总结“梯田退耕”生态重建模式特点的基础上,根据土地利用、坡耕地和1999年农业人口数据计算了各县(市、区)需新修梯田、园地扩建、林草植被恢复的面积及投资需求额度。通过构建并采用基本农田扩建指数、园地扩建指数、林草植被恢复指数以及投资需求密度等指标对55个县(市、区)进行了类型划分和地域分异特征分析。结果表明:黄土丘陵区需新修梯田面积69.16×104hm₂,新扩建经济林果园地面积79.2×104hm₂,林草植被恢复面积541.02×104hm₂,投资需求总额度158.2×108元;生态重建在地域分布上明显存在两个重点区,一个位于陕北和晋西北交界地区,另一个位于陇东和宁南地区;宜及早制定区域性分类指导政策,并应将有限的资金集中在重点区。     

干旱区水资源承载能力综合评价研究——以新疆和田河流域为例

本文以新疆和田河流域为例,重点探讨了我国西北干旱区水资源承载能力综合评价的方法,并将模糊综合评判方法应用于该研究,建立了分析评价模型。最后应用该模型对和田河流域水资源承载能力进行了评价研究。从而为该流域水资源合理利用提供了决策依据。同时,本研究也为干旱区水资源承载能力研究提供了经验和模式。     

河渠水环境容量研究——以成都市为例

以成都市外环路生态保护带以内的598km2中心城区的地表水体为研究对象。在综合考虑城市防洪、水资源综合利用以及城市经济发展条件等基础上,对其水体环境质量现状进行评价,确定了河道水体的主要污染因子;对规划区内河道水体的环境容量进行核算,提出各规划期限内需削减的城区水体污染源污染量。     

广东区域酸雨污染模拟研究

运用数值模拟方法，使用一年365日的风速资料、12个月的降水资料和环境监测资料以及年平均的污染源资料，对广东地区的酸雨污染进行了较细致的分析。结果认为，以日为基础的累积计算，对于提高模拟酸雨污染的能力是很有帮助的。广东省的酸雨污染主要是由自身排放的污染物造成，外来的污染是次要的，在广东边界地区发现受到外省污染的显著痕迹。     

Mathematical modeling of biofiltration in activated pine-bark charge of a biofilter

Aim, Scope and Background Human economic activities cause emissions of various pollutants of an organic nature: butanol, butyl acetate, methanol, formaldehyde, phenol, benzene, toluene, xylene, etc. These compounds are emitted to atmosphere by various enterprises of food, chemistry, wood processing industries, from transportation means, agricultural enterprises, etc. Therefore, when purifying air from these pollutants, it is necessary to apply efficient and inexpensive air purification methods. In this dimension, the biological air purification is chosen from all possible air cleaning methods. An experimental biofilter with the activated charge of pine bark was developed at the Department of Environment Protection of the Vilnius Gediminas Technical University. In the course of the experimental investigation, it was determined that this air purification method is efficient. Filter efficiency, when purifying air of volatile organic compounds (butanol, butyl acetate and xylene), to a great extent, depending on the nature and concentrations (up to 100 mg/m3) of pollutants injected, might go up to 70-98%. The mathematical model of the biofilter was developed based on the research results and fully taking into consideration physical, chemical, and biological processes going on during its operations. Main Features The aim of this article is to determine biodegradation constant , absorption capacity , and half empiric expressions of filter efficiency. Knowing this, it is possible to find out the dependence of the filter efficiency on the operational parameters of the filter (i.e. on the concentrations and the height of biocharge of the initial pollutants (butanol, butyl acetate, xylene) fed through it). Conclusions With the help of mathematical modeling, the biodegradation constants and absorption capability of volatile organic compounds (butanol, butyl acetate, and xylene) fed into the biofilter charged with the activated pine bark and used for the cleaning of volatile organic compounds, as well as the efficiency of the biofilter in half empiric expression, have been established. It has been discovered that the constant of pollutant biodegradation is a value inverse to the time during which the amount of pollutants in the filter becomes times higher. It is rather complicated to carry out theoretical calculation of the biodegradation constant at a molecular level, therefore this constant has been established based on the results obtained in the course of research. The equations describing pollutant dynamics in the filter charge and the air cleaning processes going on in it have been derived from diffusion equations in a mobile medium. The modeling helped to find out the absorption capacity of the examined pollutants, which by its numeric value is equal to the volume unit of the absorbed gas amount. The latter factor, the same as the biodegradation constant, was determined basing on the experimental results. Mathematical modeling brought a range of formulas expressing dependences of each pollutant's efficiency on its initial concentrations and filter charge height. Recommendation /Outlook. Based on the experimental data, a mathematical model has been developed which will allow the measuring of the filter efficiency not only with regard to the absorption and biodegradation of the pollutants under examination, but also with regard to other pollutants and their compounds, etc., having an impact on the filter performance. The results of the mathematical modeling have revealed that the modeling of processes going on in the filter is much simpler than isthe performance of long and costly experiments. The developed mathematical model makes it possible to measure the filter efficiency at the present moment.