泥炭树脂颗粒对水溶液中十二烷基苯磺酸钠的去除

泥炭树脂颗粒对水溶液中十二烷基苯磺酸钠 (SDBS)具有很好的去除效果。数据分析表明 ,Freundlich和 Langmuir吸附等温方程可以很好地描述这一过程。通过 L angmuir方程计算出颗粒对 SDBS的最大吸附量为 3 3 .3 3 mg·g- 1。在试验条件下 ,吸附量随着 SDBS的初始浓度增加而增加 ,当溶液的初始 p H在 4～ 8的范围时 ,颗粒对 SDBS吸附量变化很小。溶液的初始浓度对吸附速率产生明显影响 ,浓度越低吸附速率越快 ,达到吸附平衡所需的时间越短。准二级动力学模型能够很好地描述颗粒对 SDBS的吸附过程。     

哑铃湾网箱养殖可持续容量研究

在相关养殖容量研究的基础上,提出了养殖环境容量和可持续养殖容量的概念和内涵.以哑铃湾网箱养殖为例,建立了考虑时间累积效应后的养殖环境容量和考虑了社会、经济和环境综合效益后的可持续养殖容量计算模型.估算了在10年时段内哑铃湾网箱养殖环境容量和可持续养殖容量.结果表明,哑铃湾网箱养殖最优环境容量为每年4.11万箱,可持续养殖容量为每年3.45万箱.     

粤西某市小容量河流水污染综合控制研究

对粤西某石化城河段几种主要污染物进行了容量计算 ,发现即使工业污染源全部达标 ,其水质状况与目标的差距仍较大 ,据此提出小容量河流的观点。为保护水环境 ,结合流域实际情况 ,本文提出改变以往单纯依靠工业污染源达标控制手段 ,而采用多手段相结合的综合管理模式来改善水环境的观点 ,并以中长期水环境规划年内目标值为依据 ,分析了本方法的有效性、经济性和可操作性 ,由此对其他具相似条件小容量河流的城市水环境管理起到借鉴性作用。     

煅烧-碱溶法制粉煤灰类沸石吸附剂及其在处理含铅废水中的应用

粉煤灰吸附性能研究是当前环境科学领域中的一个研究热点 ,但原状粉煤灰的吸附效果不理想。本文报道的用煅烧 -碱溶法制得类沸石吸附剂的比表面积为 112 .6m2 / g、孔隙率为 83 .1% ,分别是改性前的 40 .2 2和 1.67倍。用此类沸石吸附剂来处理浓度为 2 0 0mg/L的模拟含铅废水 ,去除率为 84.87% ,吸附容量为 3 3 .94mg/ g ,分别是改性前的3 1.13和 3 1.42倍 ,处理效果优于市售一级活性炭。并用 0 .1mol/L的HCl溶液和饱和NaCl溶液再生此吸附剂 ,解吸率达到了 98%以上 ,此再生的类沸石吸附剂处理含铅废水的去除率也达到了 83 %以上     

几种土壤的基本理化性质与Cu2+吸附的关系

研究了大冶市几种类型土壤的基本性质及与Cu2+吸附的关系,结果表明,土壤对Cu2+的吸附量随其CEC值(记为CEC)而变化,供试土壤的Cu2+吸附量由大到小的顺序为石灰土→水稻土→潮土→棕红壤.加入铜浓度为5 mmol·L-1时11个土壤对铜的吸附量x((mol·g-1)与CEC的直线相关方程为x(Cu2+) = 2.018×CEC + 24.4 (r=0.7066).而影响CEC的因素,如Ph、粘粒含量及其组成、有机质、比表面等,也是决定Cu2+吸附量的重要因素.     

Egg protein insolubility inLymantria dispar versus other forest Lepidoptera

Summary A standard buffer (5 mM phosphate at pH 7) which is used to extract protein from insect eggs provided complete protein solubility for eggs from three of four tree-feeding lepidopteran species: obliquebanded leaf roller (Choristoneura rosaceana), forest tent caterpillar (Malacosoma disstria), and the eastern tent caterpillar (Malacosoma americanum). Under the same extraction protocol, egg proteins from the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar), remained nearly insoluble. An array of methods typically used to solubilize insect egg proteins were tried and all but the most denaturing (2% SDS) were ineffective. Extraction buffers with typically high pH values were then evaluated. The results indicated that 1) solubility of gypsy moth egg proteins was pH dependent, and full solubility of most egg proteins required the extraction buffer to have a pH of 12 or more prior to the addition of eggs. We also determined that 2) the gypsy moth egg has a buffering capacity which must be surpassed for complete protein extraction, 3) low salt/high pH buffers gave slightly higher total protein values than did high salt/high pH buffers, 4) parental nutritional history (host species utilized) and egg developmental state (pre-embryonatedvs postembryonated/pre-hatch) were unrelated to the requirements for complete egg protein solubilization, and 5) the presence of soluble phenolics, compounds that have the potential to bind to protein and cause insolubility, was confirmed for the gypsy moth egg with 2-D paper chromatography and several other tests. Based on these results, we present a hypothesis about the cause of egg protein insolubility in the gypsy moth.     

模拟酸雨对森林红壤中铝的溶出及不同土层酸度变化的影响

为进一步探明酸沉降对森林红壤及生态环境的影响，模拟长沙地区降水酸度及离子组成，采用浸泡试验对两种森林红壤活性铝的释出及土壤理化性质的变化进行了研究。结果表明，模拟酸雨浸泡初期，土壤活性铝的释出量随浸泡次数的增加而增加，原始土壤pH值愈低，活性铝释出愈多；强酸度、高离子浓度（AR4）模拟酸雨对土壤中活性铝的溶出量远大于基础酸雨（AR3）及弱酸、低离子浓度酸雨（AR2）和对照酸雨（AR1）。模拟酸雨酸度愈大，对土壤pH值的影响愈明显，不同土层间，以A层土壤pH值下降最明显，B、C层土壤则下降较小。模拟酸雨模拟浸泡土壤25年后，土壤阳离子交换量均有不同程度下降，有机质含量高，原土壤阳离子交换量大的土壤下降幅度也大。     

Who is susceptible and why? An agent-based approach to assessing vulnerability to drought

In this paper, we specify susceptibility to drought from a psychology-based bottom-up perspective. On the basis of the protection motivation theory (Rippetoe and Rogers in J Pers Soc Psychol 52(3):596–604, 1987), we developed the protection-capacity model (Krömker and Mosler in Global environmental change in Alpine regions: impact, recognition, adaptation, and mitigation. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, pp 93–112, 2002) to analyse the susceptibility with respect to the protection capacity of agents. The protection capacity is determined by the agents’ subjective assessment of the situation, which consists of the appraisal of threat, on the one hand, and the coping appraisal, on the other hand. Additionally, the protection-capacity model specifies several factors which influence the two central appraisal processes. Empirical data were collected in interviews with experts and with a total of 65 exemplarily selected households which are typical for the respective case study regions (Andhra Pradesh, India; Algarve and Alentejo, Portugal; Volgograd and Saratov, Russia). The data were analysed with the help of fuzzy set methodology. Results show that the households of the Indian region are the most susceptible when compared to those of the Russian region with ‘low’ and to households of the Portuguese region with a ‘very low’ degree of susceptibility. Moreover, we identified subgroups within the regions which are characterized by different degrees of susceptibility and a different profile of factors influencing susceptibility. Altogether, the agent-based perspective allows identifying relevant factors that need to be addressed to minimize susceptibility of the population and special subgroups. However, the results are not representative for the case study regions because of the small database. Additionally, more effort is needed to validate the findings.     

Application of fuzzy models to assess susceptibility to droughts from a socio-economic perspective

By combining the concepts of environmental stress, state susceptibility and environmental crisis, “Security Diagram” (SD) provides a quantitative approach to assessing environmental change and human security. The SD is a tool that clearly presents in a diagram the security situation of a population or region affected by a particular environmental crisis. Its underlying concept emphasises that the higher the level of environmental stress and socio-economic susceptibility, the higher the probability of the occurrence of crisis. Focusing on drought, this study analyses the susceptibility of case study regions in India, Portugal, and Russia from a socio-economic perspective. A conceptual framework of socio-economic susceptibility is developed based on the economic development theories of modernisation and dependency. Fuzzy set theory is used to generate susceptibility indices from a range of national and sub-national indicators, including financial resources, agricultural dependency and infrastructure development (for economic susceptibility), and health condition, educational attainment and gender inequality (for social susceptibility). Results indicate that socio-economic susceptibility over the period 1980–1995 was highest in India, followed by Russia and (since 1989) lowest in Portugal. Globalisation is likely to contribute to changes in the level of socio-economic susceptibility over time. Moreover, specific social and economic structures unique in each country (e.g., the role of women in society in India, the socialist legacy in Russia) may explain differences in susceptibility between the case study regions.

澜沧江流域云南段道路网络对生态承载力的影响研究

澜沧江流域道路工程的建设影响着区域土地利用格局和生态系统的空间分布,并进一步影响着区域的生态承载力,辨析道路对生态承载力的影响对区域生态管理具有重要意义.以谰沧江流域各县(市)为研究对象,利用生态足迹法研究了澜沧江流域生态承载力的时空及动态变化;以县域、市域为尺度.提取流域道路网络的结构特点,并进一步利用回归分析研究了道路的网络结构与生态承载力的关系.结果表明,谰沧江流域生态承载力存在着空间分布的不均衡,并呈现逐年降低的趋势;流域道路阿络中不同等级道路的组合结构变化明显,道路密度空间差异显著;县域尺度的回归分析表明,生态承载力与不同等级道路长度符合Gaussian模型、Reciprocal模型.与道路密度均能用ExponentiM Fit模型表示,生态承载力随道路密度的增加而减小;市域尺度上,生态承载力与道路密度的关系与县域尺度相一致.