The Influence of Varying Algal Biomass On Contaminant Exposure in Benthic-Planktonic Mesocosms: Copper (Ii)

A series of mesocosms was exposed to a suite of light treatments and nutrient enrichment in order to generate algal communities of varying biomass. the influence of this biomass on the speciation of copper (II) was studied. Distribution coefficients (_Kd,Lkg-1) were relatively high (log_Kd = 5 to 7), indicative of robust trace metal sequestration, and were likely controlled by the particulate organic carbon content (foc). Differences in _Kd over time and among treatments were significant, as was the relationship between _Kd and foc. Fluorescence quenching was used to determine binding capacities (_Lt, M) and their associated binding constants (_Kcond,M^-1) in order to model the solid phase copper speciation. the _Kcond ranged between 2.1 and 5.2 × 10¹²M^-1, indicating a very strong copper-ligand complex, and was higher in mesocosms that received more light. the light _Lt increased over time, dramatically after the nutrient enrichment, but did not vary systematically among light treatments. _Lt ranged from 7.2 × 10- 7 to 4.9 × 10- 5 M. the large magnitudes of _Kd, _Kcond and _Lt ensured that greater than 97% of total copper in the mesocosms was complexed by organic matter. the total copper concentration ([Cu]_T, M) needed to reach a target dissolved copper concentration of 10^-12.5 M (pCu = 12.5) was determined for each mesocosm over time. [Cu]_T was between 8.02 × 10^-5 and 3.41 × 10^-2 M, and increased over time. the [Cu]_T normalized to the target pCu (Effective Dose Ratio, EDR) increased directly with increases in algal biomass, indicating a direct link between system productivity and copper exposure. Approximately 45% of the variance in EDR was explained by variance in total biomass, while the residual variance in EDR was due likely to differences in the strengths of particle associations and magnitude of binding capacities.     

Purification and reclamation of wastewater by an integrated biological pond system

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Comparison of Canadian firefighters and healthy controls based on submaximal fitness testing and strength considering age and gender

Introduction. Few studies have addressed whether firefighters are fitter than the general population and possess sufficient levels of aerobic capacity and muscle strength to perform on-duty tasks in a safe and efficient manner, considering age and gender. We aimed to evaluate the fitness levels of Hamilton firefighters, and to determine the effects of age and gender. Methods. In total, 89 participants were recruited. The modified Canadian aerobic fitness test was used to determine participants’ estimated maximal oxygen consumption (V_O2max) levels. For upper and lower body strength levels, a calibrated J-Tech hand-held dynamometer and a National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) lifting device was used respectively. Results. Firefighters’ mean (SD) V_O2max level was 40.30?±?6.25?ml·kg^?1·min^?1. Age proved to have a statistically significant impact on V_O2max (p?<?0.001). Gender displayed statistically significant effects on strength levels. Firefighters’ age was the only statistically significant independent variable, and accounted for 61.00% of the variance in firefighters’ aerobic capacity levels. Conclusions. Firefighters possessed somewhat similar aerobic capacities but much higher levels of body strength when compared with the general population. With age, firefighters’ aerobic capacities decreased; however, their upper and lower body strength levels remained the same.     

基于PSR模型的城市生态安全评价与贡献度研究——以铜川市为例

以铜川市为例进行城市生态安全评价和指标分析,采用压力-状态-响应模型和层次分析法构建出含有项目、因素、指标的铜川市生态安全评价体系。通过生态不安全指数定量表示城市的生态安全状况,对铜川市2014-2016年的生态安全状况进行了综合评价,并计算分析了各指标对城市总体生态不安全指数的贡献度。结果表明,铜川市的生态安全处于“临界安全”状态,并呈现逐渐向好的发展趋势。人均灌溉农田面积、地表水环境质量、环境空气质量和环保投资占GDP比例对铜川市生态不安全指数贡献度较大,应给予重视。     

上海城市屋面径流PAHs赋存特征及其生态风险评价

为研究城市屋面径流中16种US EPA优控多环芳烃(PAHs)的污染特征,采集并分析了上海3次降雨事件典型屋面径流中颗粒相和溶解相PAHs的质量浓度,对屋面径流中PAHs的质量浓度特征、动态变化过程、来源解析以及潜在的生态风险进行了分析与讨论.结果表明,屋面径流中溶解相∑16PAHs的质量浓度为33.9~581.5ng/L,颗粒相PAHs的质量浓度为134.6~27528ng/L,3种屋面径流PAHs含量基本为:瓦屋面>水泥屋面>沥青屋面;不同类型的屋面径流中PAHs组分具有明显的相似性,均以3~4环组分为主,苯并[a]芘BaP的场次降雨事件平均浓度(EMC)值为17.4~378.5ng/L,超过我国规定的污水中BaP排放标准.源解析结果表明,瓦屋面径流中PAHs的主要来源为机动车排放源和燃煤源;沥青屋面和水泥屋面径流中PAHs主要来源于机动车排放源、燃煤源和石油类泄露和挥发源.屋面径流中PAHs毒性当量浓度为6.08~16.86ng/L,超过我国规定的标准限值,对环境存在一定的危害,应引起足够的重视.     

基于WASP的湖州市环太湖河网区水质管理模式

为保障清水入湖,以我国富营养化最为严重的淡水湖泊之一——太湖为例,建立了基于水体纳污能力的流域水环境管理模式.同时,针对河网地区水流往复性特点,以水质分析模拟程序(WASP7.3)模型为基础估算了湖州市环太湖河道COD和氨氮的水环境容量,并建立了综合点源和非点源的COD、氨氮日最大排污量(TMDL)管理模式.结果表明,在90%水文保证率下,研究区域水体环境容量CODCr为30153.4kg·d-1,氨氮为5112.4kg·d-1;按照区域2005年排污状况,未达标河段的COD最高削减率达到70%,氨氮最高削减率达到87.5%,才能满足整个流域水体功能要求.     

The Role of Prices in Conserving Critical Natural Capital

Abstract: Until recent decades, economic decision makers have largely ignored the nonmarket benefits provided by nature, resulting in unprecedented threats to ecological life‐support functions. The economic challenge today is to decide how much ecosystem structure can be converted to economic production and how much must be conserved to provide essential ecosystem services. Many economists and a growing number of life scientists hope to address this challenge by estimating the marginal value of environmental benefits and then using this information to make economic decisions. I assessed this approach first by examining the role and effectiveness of the price mechanism in a well‐functioning market economy, second by identifying the issues that prevent markets from pricing many ecological benefits, and third by focusing on problems inherent to valuing services generated by complex and poorly understood ecosystems subject to irreversible change. I then focus on critical natural capital (CNC), which generates benefits that are essential to human welfare and have few if any substitutes. When imminent ecological thresholds threaten CNC, conservation is essential and marginal valuation becomes inappropriate. Once conservation needs have been met, remaining ecosystem structure is potentially available for economic production. Demand for this available supply will determine prices. In other words, conservation needs should be price determining, not price determined. Conservation science must help identify CNC and the quantity and quality of ecosystem structure required to ensure its sustained provision.     

葫芦岛市生态环境现状与评价

本文在收集大量资料和现状调查的基础上,分析了葫芦岛市生态环境现状,揭示了目前存在的主要环境问题,从可持续发展的角度,提出了产生生态破坏的主要原因,可为今后本地区进行生态环境功能区划和编制生态环境建设和保护规划工作提供参考,为促进全市经济结构战略性调整以及重大建设项目科学布局提供决策依据     

建立内蒙古生态环境恢复补偿机制若干问题探讨

生态环境恢复补偿机制的建立是科学利用生态资源和保持良好生存环境的必然途径,内蒙古自治区是全国天然植被分布面积最广地区之一,天然植被在保持流域、区域生态平衡,防止和减轻自然灾害,确保地区生态安全方面的重要作用毋庸置疑,然而由于原因,长期困绕我区的生态环境问题,如:森林生态系统的水源涵养、土壤保持、生物多样性保护功能衰退,水土流失的加剧、沙地活化;草场退化等级愈来愈高;湿地面积缩小,河道断流问题依然存在。近年随着矿业经济的兴起,又出现了矿山用水与农业生产争水、污染地下水等问题。因此,继矿产资源开发热潮之后,迅速做出制度安排尤为重要,本文通过对生态恢复补偿机制建立背景、重点、难点若干的探讨,旨在提出一些结合实际的可操作的补偿措施建议和意见,为制定内蒙古生态恢复补偿管理办法提供参考、并为该领域制度的完善提出技术层面的支持。     

福建三沙湾海洋生态环境研究

2000~2004年对三沙湾海洋生态环境进行了调查,分析了三沙湾海区多年来水质、水域养殖力(营养盐、叶绿素a和初级生产力)和浮游植物多样性的变化。调查后发现,养殖水域富营养化已经成为制约水产养殖业可持续发展的瓶颈,如何有效控制水体富营养化过程,降低海水养殖对环境产生的负面影响是一个非常现实的问题。因此,合理设置养殖容量、养殖方式、养殖种类,使退化的养殖海域得以修复,将对三沙湾海水养殖业的发展产生深远影响。