胜利油田区水体中环境雌激素生态风险评估

为了评价胜利油田石油开采对水体中雌激素生态风险。首先,检测胜利油田区26个样品中盐度、总氮、总磷、余氯、COD、石油烃类物质含量6个常规水质指标,结果发现水体中总氮及COD的含量均值达到5.2mg/L及64mg/L,这表明该区域有机污染物及富营养化程度比较严重。其次,利用人雌激素受体基因酵母干粉法检测了样品中环境雌激素含量,结果分析发现不同采样点间的雌激素污染水平不同,雌激素含量与水质指标间无显著相关性。样品中雌激素含量范围0.046-0.072ng/L,均值为0.062ng/L,雌激素水平相对较低,这证实胜利油田水体存在环境雌激素生态风险值也较低。     

常熟河网区水污染物总量控制研究

基于常熟河网原型调水实验和水功能区划，建立了感潮地区河网水量水质模型，对常熟河道水质降解系数及水环境容量进行了计算，并按照点源和面源对区域内污染源进行统计，在此基础上进行了常熟河网水污染物总量控制值和现状削减量的计算，为该地区的水污染防控提供了科学依据。     

岩溶断层区含油废水溢流地下水污染风险评价

岩溶地下水是西南岩溶地区重要的生活和生产用水来源,由于其赋存地质环境复杂,受到污染后极难治理。以某含油废水溢流区为研究对象,通过调查污染区域的地质结构、溶洞通道及断层情况,评估污染物的来源、分布范围及主要迁移通道,构建基于地下水自净能力的地下水污染风险评价模型。结果表明：研究区石油烃 (C10~C40) 、氰化物和甲苯污染严重,三者检出率分别为98.7%,75.3%和59.7%,包气带内仍存在大量的石油类污染物,其质量为14.07 t;岩溶断层区地下水系统存在2条岩溶通道,且石油类污染物主要通过第一条通道迁移;地下水中石油类污染物的自然衰减过程符合指数型衰减特征;人工冲洗情景下,污染物和示踪剂浓度下降速度加快,地下水自净能力显著提高;岩溶断层区地下水污染风险指数与泉流量之间呈现负相关关系。该研究成果可为岩溶断层区含油废水溢流地下水污染的自然衰减式治理和风险防控提供参考。     

我国中小城市大气污染总量控制研究

本文提出了一套适合于我国中小城市大气污染总量控制研究的技术路线和模型。通过环境容量规划和污染综合治理规划的有机结合,从而达到以优化的方式协调经济发展与环境保护的矛盾。对镇江市的应用结果表明,本文提出的技术路线和模型是合理可行的。所给出的总量控制方案既能符合经济发展的需要,又能经济有效地控制并改善区域的大气环境质量。     

Assessing the toxicity of organophosphorous pesticides to indigenous algae with implication for their ecotoxicological impact to aquatic ecosystems

This study aimed to determine the toxicity of three organophosphorous pesticides, chlorpyrifos, terbufos and methamidophos, to three indigenous algal species isolated from local rivers and algal mixtures. The diatom Nitzschia sp. (0.30–1.68 mg L^?1 of EC₅₀ -the estimated concentration related to a 50% growth reduction) and the cyanobacteria Oscillatoria sp. (EC₅₀ of 0.33–7.99 mg L^?1) were sensitive to single pesticide treatment and the chlorophyta Chlorella sp. was the most tolerant (EC₅₀ of 1.29–41.16 mg L^?1). In treatment with the mixture of three pesticides, Chlorella sp. became the most sensitive alga. The antagonistic joint toxic effects on three indigenous algae and algal mixtures were found for most of the two pesticide mixtures. The results suggested that mixture of pesticides might induce the detoxification mechanisms more easily than the single pesticide. The synergistic interactions between terbufos and methamidophos to algal mixtures and between methamidophos and chlorpyrifos to Nitzschia sp. indicated methamidophos might act as a potential synergist. Differential sensitivity of three families of algae to these pesticides might result in changes in the algal community structures after river water has been contaminated with different pesticides, posing great ecological risk on the structure and functioning of the aquatic ecosystem.     

景观湖泊黑臭水体生态修复措施和效果——以武汉市金湖生态修复工程为例

为修复受到污染呈黑臭状态的金湖水体,建设金银湖国家湿地公园,在分析金湖水质、底质概况及黑臭水体成因的基础上,采取点源污染、面源污染、内源污染同步控制和边治理边修复的方法,在不进行大规模清淤、不扰动水体情况下建设湖滨缓冲带,对湖泊底质进行修复。结果表明：湖泊水质得到了明显改善,各项水质指标均低于《城市黑臭水体整治工作指南》中的轻度黑臭标准限值,修复后水质达到了地表水Ⅲ类标准;在中央环保督察组巡视反馈重点整治湖泊水质变化报告中被评为“好转”等级,实现了黑臭水体治理以及生态修复的目标。该治理修复案例可为城市内陆景观湖泊生态修复提供参考。     

纳米氧化锌改性聚偏氟乙烯超滤膜的性能

采用共混法制备了纳米ZnO改性聚偏氟乙烯（PVDF）超滤膜,考察纳米ZnO添加量对聚偏氟乙烯膜性能的影响。膜性能测定数据表明,适量纳米ZnO（1.5%~2.0%）的添加使膜孔径增大了53.91%,膜纯水通量提高了77.01%。同时,膜接触角随着纳米ZnO添加而降低,从89.3°逐渐减小到77.9°;衰减系数减小了48.84%,膜阻降低了76.62%,PVDF-ZnO超滤膜对牛血清白蛋白（BSA）的截留率稳定在90%以上。以大肠杆菌为代表的PVDF-ZnO膜抑菌性能测试结果表明,随着纳米ZnO添加量的增加,PVDF-ZnO膜抑菌率相应增加,尤其在纳米ZnO质量分数为3.0%时抑菌率高达62.9%,显著提高PVDF膜的抗菌效果。     

某钢铁企业表层土壤中多环芳烃含量特征与生态风险评价

采集我国某大型钢铁企业22个表层土壤（0-20 cm）样品,采用气相色谱-质谱（GC-MS）分析了其中16种多环芳烃（PAHs）的含量,并采用荷兰、加拿大土壤标准及苯并[a]芘的毒性当量浓度（TEQBaP）对PAHs生态风险进行评价.结果表明,土壤中∑16PAHs含量范围为21.0-20062.0 μg·kg-1,平均值为2564.7 μg·kg-1,单体以Flu、Pyr的含量最高,较之背景点土壤中PAHs含量,平均富集系数为22.9（BkF）-304.0（Flu）.与国内同类研究相比,该钢铁厂表层土壤中PAHs污染处于中等水平.各采样点中PAHs组成主要以4环为主,占31.9%-100%,5环组分仅次于4环.相关性分析表明,PAHs低环（2-3环）与中环（4环）组分之间相关性更强,且二者与TOC相关性较高环组分显著.50.0%的采样点超过荷兰土壤标准目标参考值,该钢铁厂表层土壤已处于中等风险水平,污染主要集中在球团厂、焦化厂、炼铁厂和厂前交通繁忙区.其土壤潜在风险已呈增加趋势,有必要进行能源结构改造并加强污染监控.     

连片生态浮床对微污染河水的净化效果

选取漕桥河的支流庙尖浜作为实验河段,以睡莲(Nymphaea alba)、菖蒲(Acorus calamus Linn)和水芹(Oenan-the javanica(Blume)DC)作为微污染水体净化的浮床植物,研究连片生态浮床的净化能力随季节的变化和浮床面积对连片生态浮床净化能力的影响。结果显示,秋-冬-春季节内植物的净化能力随季节变化呈\"U\"型,相应的河水水质的变化呈一个倒置的\"U\"型;在一定营养负荷和植物正常生长状况下,沿水流方向,氮、磷含量随浮床面积的增加而降低——春季时,随浮床面积增加,菖蒲区对TN的去除率由8.6%增加到26.7%,TP的去除率由17.1%增加到58.2%,水芹区对TN和TP的去除率最高可达22.0%和28.0%。研究表明连片生态浮床是河道水质改善的有效可行的方法之一,可为太湖入湖河流的营养物质控制提供科学依据。     

Eco-environmental water demands for the Baiyangdian Wetland

In recent years, the hydrological characters of Baiyangdian Wetland have changed greatly, which, in turn, influence the biotic component, the structure and function of the wetland ecosystem. In order to determine the demands for water resources of ecological wetland system, a method of ecological water level coefficient was suggested to calculate the water resources demands for wetland environment use. This research showed that the minimum coefficient is 0.94 and the optimal coefficient is more than 1.10. According to these two coefficients, the ecological water level and water quantity can be estimated. The results indicate that the amount of the minimal and optimal eco-environmental water requirements are 0.87 × 10⁸ and 2.78 × 10⁸ m³ in average monthly, respectively, with the maximum eco-environmental water requirement in summer and the minimum in winter. The annual change of eco-environment water demand is in according with the climate change and hydrological characters. The method of ecological water level emphasizes that wetland ecosystem adapts to the hydrological conditions, so it can be used in practice well. __________ Translated from Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2005, 25(8): 1,119–1,126 [译自: 环境科学学报]