乳化炸药密度在线检测技术

简述了常见密度在线检测方法,提出了一种采用数字称重技术间接在线测量炸药密度的新方法,建立了乳化炸药密度数字在线检测与控制系统,包括系统硬件电路的设计、硬件和电气线路的安装,以及软件程序连接和调试.研究表明,样品质量与检测系统的数字输出存在良好的线性关系,测量精度满足要求.因此,该系统可实现乳化炸药密度的在线实时测定,同时还可通过PLC实现敏化效果的自动反馈与调控,从而保证乳化炸药的敏化效果和产品质量.     

宁夏供港蔬菜田土壤重金属分布特征及生态风险评价

农田土壤重金属污染会影响蔬菜作物的生长发育及产量,同时也会影响蔬菜的品质与口感,长期以来通过食物链传递和富集,最终对人体健康造成一定危害.因此为探明宁夏多年多茬种植供港蔬菜后其土壤重金属分布特征,预测其生态风险,分析其污染形成原因,于2019~2021年连续3 a采集了477个宁夏供港蔬菜田表层土壤样本,分析As、Cd、Cr、Hg、Pb、Cu、Zn和 Ni 这8种重金属含量和分布特征,采用单因子污染指数法、内梅罗综合污染指数法、地累积指数法和潜在生态风险指数法对宁夏供港蔬菜田土壤重金属污染状况进行评价,利用Pearson相关分析和主成分分析法解析了宁夏供港蔬菜田重金属来源.结果表明,宁夏供港蔬菜田土壤中As、Cd、Cr、Hg、Cu和Zn含量均值高于宁夏土壤背景值,但8种重金属含量均低于国内农用地土壤风险筛选值;在空间分布上,As、Cr和Ni在研究区西北部、中部以及南部出现连片高值区,Pb、Zn、Cd、Hg和Cu在研究区西北部与南部出现高值响应;单因子指数法和内梅罗综合污染指数法表明,宁夏供港蔬菜田土壤整体处于清洁水平;地累积指数法结果显示研究区污染以Hg和Cd污染为主,污染区域主要集中在研究区西北部和南部;潜在生态风险指数显示Hg和Cd为主要风险元素,其中Hg以中等、较强和很强生态风险为主,分别占比44.65 %、44.65 %和1.26 %,Cd以中等、较强为主,占比65.83 %和3.56 %;综合Pearson相关分析和主成分分析表明,8种重金属污染来源可划分为3类,Ⅰ为自然源:Cu、Zn、Pb、As、Ni和Cr;Ⅱ为农业源:Cd;Ⅲ为工业源和农业源:Hg.综合来看,供港蔬菜田土壤重金属均无超标现象,土壤环境条件良好,宁夏供港蔬菜生产整体处于安全水平.研究结果可为宁夏供港菜田土壤安全利用和供港蔬菜安全生产、合理施肥、农艺运筹以及种植结构调整等提供帮助.     

Application of environmentally conscious manufacturing strategies for an automotive component

Application of appropriate environmentally conscious manufacturing strategies enables the sustainable development of products and processes. Automotive component manufacturers recognise the potential of applying appropriate strategies for attaining Triple Bottom Line benefits. In this context, three strategies such as eco-efficiency, waste minimisation and material efficiency are being applied to minimise environmental impacts associated with the manufacture of automotive products and its associated processes. A case study of an automotive component manufacturing firm has been exemplified. After conducting the study, the potential environmental impact was reduced by 20% and eco-efficiency was improved by 13%. Further, improvements have been observed in terms of overall resource consumption and material efficiency. The overall power consumption was reduced by 18% and weight of the component was reduced by 11%. The study aimed at improving the sustainable performance of product by incorporating green and environmentally friendlier manufacturing practices.

Abbreviations: USEPA: United Nations Environmental Protection Agency; OECD: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development; WBCSD: World Business Council for Sustainable Development; Eco-QFD: Environmental Quality Function Deployment; WCED: World Commission on Environment and Development; LCA: Life Cycle Assessment     

中国工业园区生态化发展决策优化方法研究

工业是当前中国经济绿色转型升级的关键行业,而工业园区作为工业集聚化发展的主要载体,工业园区生态化发展是解决资源环境问题、实现经济可持续发展的有效途径。本文关注工业园区生态化发展的中长期发展战略和具体方案,致力于通过仿真模拟的方法提出工业园区生态化发展的方向和优化路径,实现研究方法的创新。研究以3E系统(经济—环境—能源)为基础,综合分析工业园区经济发展与能源环境之间的耦合关系,并结合动态投入产出模型和系统动力学模型构建生态化发展决策模型,通过最优化动态模拟方法开展趋势预测和路径研究。通过辛集工业园区的实证和案例研究,对其生态化发展路径进行深入研究,验证了研究方法的科学性和可靠性,能够为工业园区生态化发展提供实践指导。本文为工业园区生态化发展规划提供新的研究方法,为制定合理有效的工业园区综合战略和实施路径提供科学依据。     

松花江沉积物汞的新变化:分布、演化与现状及潜在生态风险评估

分析了第二松花江中下游和松花江干流表层沉积物中总汞的含量水平和分布规律,同期采集了牡丹江、黑龙江沉积物作为对照,并采用地累积指数法以及潜在生态风险指数法,初步评价了松花江沉积物中汞的污染状况和潜在的生态风险.结果表明,松花江10个断面沉积物总汞含量范围0.029~1.317 mg·kg~(-1),均值0.183 mg·kg~(-1).第二松花江3个典型断面沉积物总汞含量均显著高于松花江干流的7个典型断面(P0.05).地累积指数(Igeo)及潜在生态风险指数(Er)表明第二松花江3个典型断面沉积物汞污染程度为偏中度至重度污染,存在高度生态风险;松花江干流7个典型断面为轻度污染,具有较高生态风险.近10年松花江沉积物汞含量变化及空间分布结果显示,现阶段第二松花江沉积物汞含量有所下降,但松花江干流个别江段沉积物汞含量有所上升,应引起重视.     

乡村绿色住区示范区污水就地处置回用--黄土高原干旱半干旱乡村绿色住区水资源开发利用研究

探讨了乡村绿色住区污水就地处置技术的可行性,结合西北黄土高原乡村绿色住区示范区建设,设计了黄土高原干旱半干旱乡村聚居区污水就地处置回用的工艺型式.     

Five-wheel framework for system-based monitoring of heavy metal pollution in rivers

Sectorial approach for monitoring heavy metal pollution in rivers has failed to report realistic pollution status and associated ecological and human health risks. The increasing spread of heavy metals from different sources and emerging risks to human and environmental health call for reexamining heavy metal pollution monitoring frameworks. Also, the sources, spread, and load of heavy metals in the environment have changed significantly over time, requiring consequent modification in the monitoring frameworks. Therefore, studies on heavy metal monitoring in rivers conducted in the last decade were evaluated for experimental designs, research frameworks, and data presentations. Most studies (∼99%) (i) lacked inclusiveness of all environmental compartments; (ii) focused on “one pollutant – one/two compartment” or sometimes “one pollutant – one compartment – one effect” approach; and (iii) remained “data-rich but information poor.” An ecological approach with integrative system thinking is proposed to develop a holistic approach for monitoring river pollution. It is visualized that heavy metal monitoring, risk analyses, and water management must incorporate tracking pollutants in different environmental compartments of a river (water, sediment, and floodplain/bank soil) and consider correlating it with riverbank land use. The systems-based pollution monitoring and assessment studies will reveal the critical factors that drive heavy metals pollutant movement in ecosystems and associated potential risks to the environment, wildlife, and humans. Also, water quality and pollution indexing tools would help better communicate complex pollution data and associated risks among all stakeholders. Therefore, integrating systems approaches in scientific- and policy-based tools would help sustainably manage the health of rivers, wildlife, and humans.     

Physico-chemical characterization of Residual Household Waste for energy recovery in insular territories: Case study of Reunion Island

Waste-to-energy is a promising approach to face the current challenge of waste overproduction in Reunion Island, a French territory. In this particular context of an isolated and tropical territory, it is essential to study the properties of potential feedstocks to choose the most appropriate conversion process. This article reports on the composition of Residual Household Waste from Reunion Island and its physico-chemical parameters. Twelve representative samples of Residual Household Waste were subjected to thermal and elemental analysis. The results showed that their composition had a significant influence on the physico-chemical properties, including calorific value. Residual Household Waste from the selective sorting (rich in wood, plastic, and sanitary textiles) as well as dry mixed RHW are the most interesting for energy recovery. Due to their high volatile matter and high carbon content, and their low moisture content, these types of waste have a high calorific value exceeding 18 MJ/kg. Furthermore, the RHW sample comply with the environmental and health criteria applied by French regulations concerning halogen and heavy metal. Thus, it seems that Residual Household Waste can be an alternative to conventional fuels used in incineration or pyro-gasification processes. However, the study also points the need for a pre-treatment process for these wastes. Indeed, it is necessary to sort them correctly in order to avoid the risks of pollution and important maintenance. And more importantly, drying beforehand is unavoidable to improve combustibility and obtain optimal energy conversion.     

特大城市集群绿色发展与生态足迹关联特征

本文以成渝城市群、长江中游城市群和长三角城市群为研究对象,解析不同空间尺度下绿色发展与生态足迹时空变化特征,并结合耦合协调度模型、环境库兹涅茨曲线（EKC）理论探究绿色发展与生态足迹的关联特征。研究表明,长江经济带城市群2000—2015年绿色发展水平逐年提升,约16.44%的城市达到较高水平,空间上呈现“东部高、西部低”的特征。人均三维生态足迹增长逐渐趋缓,成渝城市群达到峰值（5.21hm²）后逐年稳定下降。长江经济带绿色发展与生态足迹处于良好协调状态,绿色经济的快速发展带动了耦合协调度的提高。绿色发展与生态足迹存在倒“ U”形EKC曲线关系,由于自然资源基础和产业结构差异,成渝城市群（拐点出现在2008年）绿色发展与生态足迹协调关系好转早于中下游城市群（拐点分别在2019年、2012年）。四川、安徽应作为降低资源消耗的重点对象,未来应进一步加强区域中心城市的辐射带动作用,拉动周围城市提高绿色发展水平。研究成果能为区域绿色发展与生态环境协同管理提供思路与理论支持。     

碳标签对低碳购买意愿的作用路径研究——基于亲社会行为调节的中介效应

降低消费阶段的碳排放量对实现国家“双碳”战略目标具有重要意义。在此背景下,本研究从碳标签出发,引入“亲社会行为”这一变量,提出研究假设并构建了消费者低碳购买意愿的模型,利用调查问卷和结构方程模型进行数据分析,探究碳标签对消费者低碳购买意愿的影响,并分析亲社会行为在其中的调节作用。研究结果显示,碳标签认知、碳标签宣传均直接影响消费者的低碳购买意愿,碳标签公信力对低碳购买意愿没有直接影响;感知价值和购买态度在碳标签相关因素与低碳购买意愿之间起到完全或部分中介作用;亲社会行为在感知价值和购买态度对低碳购买意愿产生中介效应的链路上具有调节作用。基于研究结果,本文从提高消费者碳标签的认知水平、增强碳标签的宣传效果、提升碳标签的公信力、倡导亲社会的低碳行为等方面提出对策建议,以期通过政府、企业和消费者的多方努力,促进消费者积极参与低碳消费,实现消费领域的低碳变革。