安全生产经济政策理论初探

从安全生产经济政策的一般理论、内涵和特点出发,给出了安全生产经济政策的定义,系统分析了构成安全生产经济政策的层次和不同模式,对安全生产经济政策相关理论进行初步探讨,并结合我国现行的安全生产经济政策对其进行分类,为深入研究安全生产经济政策措施并分析其效果奠定理论基础     

长江三角洲地区资源环境与经济增长脱钩分析

基于环境压力与经济发展,应用脱钩理论和改进的弹性分析法脱钩程度判定标准,对2000-2009年长江三角洲地区16个城市的环境压力与经济发展脱钩程度、时序演变和呈现的规律进行定量评价与综合分析.结果显示:长江三角洲地区资源环境与经济增长主要经历了从相对脱钩Ⅱ-相对脱钩Ⅲ-相对脱钩Ⅱ-相对脱钩Ⅰ,2000-2005年经济增长对资源环境冲击不断增强,而2005-2009年冲击有所减小;该地区资源环境压力各指标与经济增长的关系以相对脱钩为主,且存在时间上和指标间的差异;长江三角洲地区城市群多数时期都处于相对脱钩状态,其中10个城市资源环境与经济增长的脱钩关系呈现"N"型趋势,且多数城市2004年和2005年达到最高,上海在绝对脱钩和相对脱钩Ⅰ徘徊,而江苏和浙江内部差异明显.     

Maximising the net social benefit of the construction of post‐disaster alternative housing projects

The widespread destruction that follows large‐scale natural disasters, such as Hurricane Katrina in August 2005, challenges the efficacy of traditional temporary housing methods in providing adequate solutions to housing needs. Recognising these housing challenges, the Congress of the United States allocated, in 2006, USD 400 million to the Department of Homeland Security to support Alternative Housing Pilot Programs, which are intended to explore the possibilities of providing permanent and affordable housing to displaced families instead of traditional temporary housing. This paper presents a new methodology and optimisation model to identify the optimal configurations of post‐shelter housing arrangements to maximise the overall net socioeconomic benefit. The model is capable of quantifying and optimising the impacts of substituting temporary housing with alternative housing on the social and economic welfare of displaced families as well as the required additional costs of doing so. An application example is presented to illustrate the use of the model and its capabilities.     

Disarming the population bomb

This paper argues for a renewed international focus on managed population reduction as a key enabler of sustainable development. The paper presents development data that demonstrate why population reduction should be elevated to share top priority with poverty alleviation, as the two over-arching goals of international development strategy. The critical analysis put forth in this paper argues that the current ‘unsustainable’ approach to sustainable development stems from (1) ‘empty world’ economic growth theory applied to a ‘full world’, which is (2) supported and driven by socioeconomic incentives to expand population, (3) justified through flawed interpretation of demographic transition theory, (4) bolstered by the exaggerated efficacy of environmental economic theory applied in a resource-constrained world, (5) insulated from challenge by limitations of scientific knowledge and (6) perpetuated by herd behavior. This paper concludes that failure to reduce global population will inhibit attainment of poverty alleviation and worsen environmental degradation.     

Contribution of tourism development to protected area management: local stakeholder perspectives

Ecotourism in protected areas plays an important role in establishing mutually beneficial relationships among local people, the protected area, and tourism that are essential in protected area management. However, to properly manage protected areas, local people should be major stakeholders in order to maximize local economic benefits and obtain support for conservation efforts. This study assesses the current status of local people's economic participation in tourism in the Wolong Nature Reserve using a questionnaire survey. Through evaluation of geographic origin, income, and occupational distribution of operators engaged in tourism-related business, we identified and discussed constraints and opportunities for economic participation of local people. Economic inequity was found among local people, as well as between locals and non-locals, due to limited startup capital and operational skills. At present, only a small percentage of local people receive revenue directly from tourism. In addition, economic leakage and local dependence on natural resources still exist in the study area. To promote ecotourism and sustainable development, the relationships among tourism, local people, and biodiversity conservation in the study area must be strengthened. According to the findings, some suggestions are offered to protected area managers to foster better relationships.     

Explaining the status and scope of ecotourism development for livelihood security: Andaman and Nicobar Islands,India

In the past few decades, the tourism sector has emerged as a significant economic activity in island nations, particularly in tropical regions. However, most of the tropical islands face similar constraints, viz., threat to natural resources, chances of biopiracy, impact of climate change, population pressure and unsystematic tourist management. Ecotourism, as a concept, envisages promoting tourism with due regard to natural environment and ecological sanctity of the destination. Archipelago of Andaman and Nicobar (A&N) Islands is one of picturesque geographical creation in the Bay of Bengal, India, in tropical region and is an emerging tourist destination. It was observed that around 2.2 lakhs national and international tourists visit the A&N Islands annually. With tourism sector as an integral component, the service sector with share of 56% in gross state domestic product dominates the island economy. An analysis based on primary survey from various stakeholders associated with the sector revealed that factors such as economy in travel and boarding, availability of tourist facilities and comfort, safety, etc. were major factors that determined the choice of the tourists that visited the islands. The weights given by the tourists to the natural sites in A&N Islands revealed that the landscape topped list with 91.6% score by the visitors followed by beaches (91.3%), scenery (86.5%), reserved forests (84.6%), limestone caves (66.3%) and coral sights (65.8%). Coral sites were given weight of 65.8% of tourists, cultural and historical tourism products 85.4% for the natural history. Similarly, historical sites (83.7%), museums (78.6%) and heritage sites (72.8%) were also among top cites attraction. Recent initiatives by the Andaman administration gives due to care to sustainably develop the tourism infrastructure of the islands to harness the potential of eco-friendly tourism in this picturesque tourist haven.     

生活垃圾综合处理模式生命周期评价

为了评价和筛选生活垃圾综合处理模式,采用生命周期模型对"分选+焚烧+填埋"、"分选+焚烧+填埋+堆肥"和"分类+焚烧+生物"3种处理模式在环境、经济等方面进行研究。结果表明:3种处理模式的环境影响潜力分别为5.92×10-2、9.11×10-2和5.09×10-2,单位处理成本为24.88、31.59和11.73元/(人.a)。经过综合评估"分类+焚烧+生物"处理模式具有明显优势。     

中国耕地非农化对经济增长贡献的地区差异分析

现阶段中国耕地非农化对经济增长贡献存在地区差异,掌握差异的主要来源和变化趋势有利于耕地非农化指标的高效调配,促进地区经济增长的协调发展。利用1989~2001年我国东、中、西部建设用地占用耕地面积和国内生产总值的分省数据,测算了以建设用地占用耕地面积和GDP增量为对象的基尼系数、加权变异系数以及泰尔指数等指标,并对泰尔指数进行因素分解得到差异的主要来源和变化趋势。结果表明：三类地区内部省际差异是总体差异的主要来源,其中东部内部差异对总体差异贡献增大、中部减小、西部有先增大后减小趋势。鉴于此,从促进资源的高效利用和保护地区间公平发展环境的角度出发,耕地非农化指标调控的重点在于三类地区各自内部省份之间的调剂。     

青藏高原植被固定CO2释放O2的经济价值评估

基于研究区植被生产有机质的物质量,结合遥感和野外观测数据,利用生态经济学方法,测算了青藏高原近20年植被固碳释氧(固定CO₂释放O₂)的经济价值. 结果表明:青藏高原植被每年固定CO₂总量为28.1×108 t,释放O₂总量为20.8×108 t;青藏高原植被固碳释氧的总价值为15.6×1011 元/a,利用造林成本法估算植被固定CO₂的价值为7.3×1011 元/a,利用工业制氧法估算植被释放O₂的价值为8.3×1011 元/a;从不同植被类型来看,灌丛的服务价值贡献率最大,亚热带常绿针叶林的单位面积价值最高;在水平方向上,植被固碳释氧价值受降水和植被分布影响,自东南向西北逐渐降低;在垂直方向上,生态系统服务价值受地形影响较大.      

滨海湿地类自然保护区的成本-效益研究——以江苏盐城湿地珍禽国家级自然保护区为例

以江苏盐城湿地珍禽国家级自然保护区为例,分析了滨海湿地生态系统所提供的生态系统服务及保护该系统所产生的成本.采用市场价值法、影子工程法和专家评估法估算了保护区内滨海湿地生态系统服务价值.2010年盐城保护区内滨海湿地生态系统产生的保护成本为8.18× 109元,其中管理成本为1.95× 107元,机会成本为8.16× 109元;保护区产生的效益为1.83× 1010元.结果表明,盐城保护区获得的效益远大于其付出的成本,盐城保护区的存在具有经济学上的收益优势.因此,在盐城滨海湿地建立自然保护区具有巨大的生态效益,这种优势更多地体现为长期的综合效益,且难以用货币形式直接兑现.对待自然保护区建设与管理应形成整体、长期的理念,不能因短期利益和局部利益而牺牲自然保护区,真正做到对保护区的永久保护和持续利用.