乡镇经济生态化与生态环境协调发展研究——以浙江省丽水市为例

丽水市乡镇工业崛起迅速,乡镇经济发展成绩明显,但经济增长方式仍以粗放型为主,环境污染出现了蔓延。技术落后、自主创新能力不足,资金短缺、融资困难,行政生态环境有待完善三方面因素阻碍了丽水市乡镇经济生态化建设。为了促进乡镇经济生态化与生态环境协调发展,针对上述问题提出了以优化产业结构、完善金融服务、加快服务型政府建设为基础,以循环经济、特色经济、生态旅游等生态经济化为发展模式,以生态资源有偿使用、生态环境补偿机制为保障的对策。     

Smart Growth and Sustainable Development: Challenges,solutions and policy directions

In this paper, we focus on the issues related to development densities that emerged from our study of sprawl and development issues in three regions of British Columbia, Canada. We chose to focus on this aspect of the Smart Growth agenda because, while many of its other elements enjoy wide support across social interests, the goal of achieving a higher density urban fabric is highly controversial. We proceeded by collecting data on development densities and 13 indicators of community sustainability in 26 municipalities. The results suggest that the density of communities is associated with efficiencies in infrastructure and with reduced automobile dependence, with the ecological and economic implications which flow from that. However, it does not necessarily correlate with greater affordability of housing or more access to green space. In fact, if anything, we discovered a negative relationship between housing affordability and green space per capita and higher land-use densities. In a second stage of the research, we conducted a qualitative analysis of a subset of six municipalities and identified key policy issues for moving ahead with the Smart Growth agenda. The paper concludes with a discussion of the policy issues that emerged from these case studies.     

环境保护项目费用效益评价方法

从费用—效益分析原理出发,结合微观经济理论及环保项目特点,通过分析与归纳建立环保项目费用效益量化评价模型,落实费用效益分析法在环保项目经济评价中的具体应用,达到得以对环保项目作出经济分析评价的目的。     

从清洁生产到循环经济

清洁生产和循环经济是20世纪90年代以来在我国引人注目的两项实践。正确认识、积极推进清洁生产和循环经济,对于转变我国经济增长方式与发展模式、促进可持续发展具有重要意义。在将资源环境要素纳入经济系统内部,转变经济增长方式,促进资源环境和经济结合一体化发展模式的概念意义下,本文从宏观历史层面阐述了我国清洁生产和循环经济的发展过程、必然趋势及其长期曲折、交错推进的过程特征。分析了以废物循环作为循环经济的认识和实践误区,提出了以清洁生产为基础推进产业生态化,结合强化末端管制,以及围绕建立“绿色”市场进行制度创新为基本内容的发展我国循环经济的建议。     

中国收入差距与环境质量关系的实证检验--基于对环境库兹涅茨曲线的扩展

在对环境库兹涅茨曲线（EKC）假说扩展的基础上,分析和验证了收入差距与环境质量之间的关系。应用联合国统计司公布的中国1986—2002年度二氧化碳排放总量数据,通过计量模型论证收入差距与环境质量之间的假设。结果发现,收入差距扩大会刺激二氧化碳排放,收入差距越大这种影响的效果就会越恶劣。而且收入差距因素还会通过作用于经济增长,促使经济增长对环境的污染程度加强。延迟转折点的到来。因此,我国目前在促进经济增长的同时,要以提高社会整体福利为目的,缩小居民收入差距,这将有利于环境质量的改善和提高。     

Elements of a cost-benefit analysis for improving salmonid spawning habitat in the River Wye

Contingent valuation methods were used to derive an economic value for salmonid spawning habitat restoration. Anglers' willingness to pay for such restoration and farmers' willingness to accept compensation for lost productivity due to the restoration were investigated using questionnaire and face-to-face surveys, respectively. These elements were combined with the Wye Habitat Improvement Project (WHIP) budget into a cost-benefit analysis (CBA) based upon direct use values only. The CBA assumed that the WHIP will improve salmonid stock. Different levels of investment were considered and the CBA gave a positive net present value indicating an economically viable project and benefit-to-cost ratios greater than one for minor projects. However, the number of anglers using the Wye would need to double or triple in order to justify the full WHIP budget. Management of an environmental resource must consider users' and stakeholders' needs and opinions. It was found that anglers on the Wye value habitat/scenery in its own right and that this played an important part in the activity. Farmers' agreement regarding involvement in such projects was more likely to be determined by their political and ethical views than receiving an economic compensation.     

Value for Money: Protecting Endangered Species on Danish Heathland

Biodiversity policies in the European Union (EU) are mainly implemented through the Birds and Habitats Directives as well as the establishment of Natura 2000, a network of protected areas throughout the EU. Considerable resources must be allocated for fulfilling the Directives and the question of optimal allocation is as important as it is difficult. In general, economic evaluations of conservation targets at most consider the costs and seldom the welfare economic benefits. In the present study, we use welfare economic benefit estimates concerning the willingness-to-pay for preserving endangered species and for the aggregate area of heathland preserved in Denmark. Similarly, we obtain estimates of the welfare economic cost of habitat restoration and maintenance. Combining these welfare economic measures with expected species coverage, we are able to estimate the potential welfare economic contribution of a conservation network. We compare three simple nonprobabilistic strategies likely to be used in day-to-day policy implementation: i) a maximum selected area strategy, ii) a hotspot selection strategy, and iii) a minimizing cost strategy, and two more advanced and informed probabilistic strategies: i) a maximum expected coverage strategy and ii) a strategy for maximum expected welfare economic gain. We show that the welfare economic performance of the strategies differ considerably. The comparison between the expected coverage and expected welfare shows that for the case considered, one may identify an optimal protection level above which additional coverage only comes at increasing welfare economic loss.     

京津冀地区黄标车政策的总量减排效益评估

为评估黄标车提前淘汰补贴和禁行政策的实施效果,并对这两种政策进行比较,在梳理京津冀地区相关政策措施的基础上,采用排放因子法评估其总量减排效益.结果表明:(1)京津冀地区黄标车淘汰政策有较好的减排效益,政策实施以来CO、HC、NO_x、PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)累计减排量分别为500.32、39.79、31.82、0.96、1.06万t.(2)黄标车政策减排效益最突出的污染物为CO、HC、NO_x,为大气污染总量减排作出较大贡献.(3)小型载客与轻型载货汽油车是CO与HC的减排主体,重型载货柴油车是NO_x和颗粒物的主要减排贡献车型.(4)京津冀13个城市,道路密集的城区减排更明显.北京市、天津市、石家庄市CO、HC减排较其他城市更显著,天津市、石家庄市、唐山市、邯郸市NO_x和颗粒物减排更显著.(5)提前淘汰补贴和禁行两个政策相比,前者减排效益具有时间延续性,在政策实施后几年效益仍较明显;后者在政策实施前期减排效益明显,随时间而衰减.各地在制定黄标车与老旧机动车政策时,建议前期加强禁行政策、后期加强淘汰补贴政策执行力度.     

广东在经济发展中存在的土壤问题及其对策

讨论了广东在经济发展中出现的土壤问题;其主要问题可概括为耕地面积锐减,后备耕地资源缺乏,人、地、粮矛盾日益加剧;忽视耕地养护,土壤肥力下降;水土流失和土壤污染严重.文章针对这些问题,提出了几点对策.     

矿山工业企业绿色经济评价指标体系研究

绿色经济是一种既注重生产经济发展,又注重资源、能源节约利用和生态环境可持续发展的经济。我国矿山企业传统经济评价往往忽视或过度简化了环境保护、资源合理利用、节能指标的量化经济评价,亟待改进。以“费用一收益”经济分析思想为基础,从生产经济、环境保护、资源合理利用和节能降耗四个方面综合构建了矿山工业企业绿色经济评价指标体系,并提出了应用指标体系评价时应注意的问题。