COST‐EFFECTIVE POINT‐NONPOINT TRADING: AN APPLICATION TO THE SUSQUEHANNA RIVER BASIN1

ABSTRACT: Point‐nonpoint trading has been suggested as a relatively efficient approach for reducing nutrient pollution in the Chesapeake Bay and elsewhere. However, relatively little economic research has examined the design of trading programs involving nonpoint sources. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the economics of several fundamental design choices for point‐nonpoint trading programs. The Susquehanna River Basin (SRB) in Pennsylvania as an example, although many of the insights should generally apply to other regions as well.     

发展西部经济的有效途径之一——开发盐湖资源

西部地区最广泛的资源是盐湖,这是一种极其重要的盐类资源、特异生物资源和旅游资源,大力开发盐湖资源是发展西部经济的有效途径。     

乡镇企业环境问题的经济学分析及环境保护手段的选择

乡镇企业的发展一方面给我国农村劳动力提供了大量的就业机会,加快了我国的城市化进程,为我国的经济做出了重要的贡献;另一方面,由于生产要素、利益驱动等众多因素的影响,乡镇企业给资源和环境造成了巨大的耗竭和破坏。本文主要从经济学的角度来探究乡镇企业发展带来的环境问题的根源,进而选择一套适合我国乡镇企业特点的环境保护手段。     

Birth of a megaproject: Political economy of flood control in bangladesh

A major flood control initiative has been launched in Bangladesh under the coordination of the World Bank. The bank's five-year Action Plan is intended to initiate a long-term investment program, the specifics of which remain to be determined. Long-term proposals under consideration include the construction of massive embankments along the great rivers of the Bangladesh delta. The wisdom of such a “structural solution” to Bangladesh's flood problems can be questioned on economic, environmental, and technical grounds. Regrettably, the decision-making process has not encouraged wide debate on these questions.     

The economic effects of stratospheric ozone depletion on U.S. agriculture: a preliminary assessment

The adverse effects of stratospheric ozone depletion on human health and welfare is a major environmental concern. One potential welfare effect is reduction in plant productivity, including agricultural crops, due to increased UV-B radiation and tropospheric ozone formation. This paper evaluates the economic effects of potential changes in crop yields due to hypothetical depletions in stratospheric ozone over regions of the U.S.A. Results suggest that increases in tropospheric ozone due to a 15 per cent stratospheric ozone depletion may cause economic losses of around 0·9 billion dollars. Combined effects of both tropospheric ozone and UV-B radiation range from 1·3 to 2·5 billion dollars. These estimates are preliminary, given the high degree of uncertainty in key plant science and aerometric data.     

THE OPTIMAL STEADY-STATE IN GROUNDWATER MANAGEMENT1

Groundwater use is likely to be inefficient in the absence of regulation and hence there is substantial interest in optimal groundwater withdrawals over time. Under an optimal regime withdrawals, pumping lifts, and profits converge to steady-state levels. In this paper we show that optimal steady-state lifts, withdrawals, and marginal user costs can be readily calculated for multi-cell models of confined aquifers. Applications to the design of economically efficient groundwater management policies are discussed, comparisons to previous work and to the safe yield concept are made, and an illustrative example is given.     

职业卫生管理中制度与文化建设的探讨

笔者借助中国职业卫生管理现状的数据,结合12年跨国公司的管理实践,运用新制度经济学的理论和引入国际职业卫生管理绩效随时间演变模型的方法,针对国内职业卫生管理存在的问题和采取的对策进行探讨与研究。结果表明,目前中国职业卫生管理现状处于初级阶段,制度和文化的建设是当前职业卫生问题的最深层原因。职业卫生管理中的制度及文化建设,对职业卫生管理绩效水平起着决定性的作用,是解决问题的最首要、最根本的手段。研究成果:文化是统帅,制度是载体,是实现理念转变的具体手段。总结并提出职业卫生文化及制度建设对策的4个要素:理念的树立与融合;全员全程参与;突出能力管理概念;量化诚信的绩效监察制度。     

Finding Water for Growth: New Sources,New Tools,New Challenges1

Abstract: Rapidly growing regions such as the western United States face difficult challenges in mobilizing new water supplies to meet new demands. Environmental concerns have curtailed the scope for large new surface storage projects, and widespread basin overdraft has limited ground water’s potential as a source of expansion. Drawing on the California experience, this article explores modern water planning approaches, which focus on a portfolio of options including nontraditional sources (recycling, desalination, underground storage) and more efficient use of existing supplies (conservation and water marketing). It reviews the advantages and drawbacks of the elements of the portfolio, provides examples of innovative planning approaches, and assesses the role for supportive government policies.     

基于RAGA-AHP的工业行业土地集约利用评价——以江苏省为例

作为建设用地的重要组成部分,工业用地的节约集约利用直接影响到建设用地特别是城市土地利用和管理的效果。基于行业视角的工业行业土地集约利用评价能分析工业行业土地集约利用现状,揭示不同工业行业土地集约利用的差异,为制定工业行业土地集约利用控制标准提供参考。论文通过构建包含用地结构、用地强度、用地投入和用地产出在内的4个子目标、11个指标的工业行业土地集约利用评价指标体系,采用RAGA-AHP方法实现了江苏省工业行业土地集约利用评价。研究结果表明,实码加速遗传算法与层次分析法的集成,能获得高精度的权数并能保证全局收敛性;江苏省工业行业总体的土地集约利用水平较低。通信设备、计算机及其他电子设备制造业的集约度最高,为76.74;饮料制造业的土地集约度最低,仅13.42。不同行业的土地集约利用水平存在差异,且归属于同一类别的不同行业之间的土地集约利用水平差异不大,归属于不同类别的行业之间的土地集约利用水平差异显著。     

中国三类自然资本的关键性检验与分析:1949-2007年

论文围绕关键自然资本的测算、"关键性"假设检验及案例展开,研究指出:随着观察期的延长,中国境内自然资本与物质资本的互补性不断下降,从20 a来看,淡水、化石能源及生产性土地具有物质资本无法替代的影响效力;中长期回归式中关键自然资本的回归系数为负数,由于生产性足迹描述关键自然资本开采情况,故而当下我国关键自然资本开采水平对可持续发展较不利。以此为据,估算南水北调工程引发相关区域淡水变动对当地可持续发展的影响,结果显示:受水区福利的增加对应着水源区福利的下降,南水北调东、中线工程缓和了受水区关键自然资本不可持续开采的压力,增加了水源区承担的关键自然资本不可持续式开采负外部性。