江苏省循环经济建设的实践与探索

根据江苏经济发展的奋斗目标，从分析江苏经济环境的实际出发，阐述了江苏发展循环经济建设的必要性，总结了全省开展循环经济建设工作经验，分析了循环经济建设工作存在的问题。     

Using environmental accounts to promote sustainable development: Experience in southern Africa

Environmental accounts bring together economic and environmental information in a common framework to measure the contribution of the environment to the economy and the impact of the economy on the environment. They enable governments to set priorities, monitor economic policies more precisely, enact more effective environmental regulations and resource management strategies, and design more efficient market instruments for environmental policies. This article uses examples from the regional environmental accounting programme in southern Africa to demonstrate the usefulness of environmental accounts to policy-making and natural resource management. The examples address the contribution of natural capital endowments (minerals and fisheries) to sustainable development in Botswana and Namibia; the economic importance of non-market forest goods and services in South Africa; and the socio-economic impact of current water allocation and pricing policies in Botswana, Namibia and South Africa. While there are many additional policy applications, these few provide a powerful argument for the use of environmental accounts in all countries.     

A FRAMEWORK FOR QUANTITATIVE SMART GROWTH IN LAND DEVELOPMENT1

ABSTRACT: Increasing awareness about the problems brought on by urban sprawl has led to proactive measures to guide future development. Such efforts have largely been grouped under the term “Smart Growth.” Although not widely recognized as such, the “smart” in Smart Growth implies an optimization of some quantity or objective while undertaking new forms of urban development. In this study, we define Smart Growth as that development plan that leads to the optimal value of a precisely defined measure identified by a stakeholder or stakeholders. To illustrate a formal, quantitative framework for Smart Growth, this study develops definitions of optimal development from the perspectives of four different types of stakeholders: a government planner, a land developer, a hydrologist, and a conservationist subject to certain development constraints. Four different objective functions are posed that are consistent with each of these stakeholders’perspectives. We illustrate the differences in consequences on future development given these different objective functions in a stylized representation for Montgomery County, Maryland. Solutions to Smart Growth from the individual perspectives vary considerably. Tradeoff tables are presented that illustrate the consequences experienced by each stakeholder depending on the viewpoint that has been optimized. Although couched in the context of an illustrative example, this study emphasizes the need to apply rigorous, quantitative tools in a meaningful framework to address Smart Growth. The result is a tool that a range of parties can use to plan future development in ways that are environmentally and fiscally responsible and economically viable.     

新世纪WTO与外向型经济下的区际资源优化--以山东省为例

为缓解加入WTO对我国农业带来的冲击,顺利实现外向型农业经济的转变,以山东省为例,借助Mapinfo 6.5和SPSSV 10.0软件分别从宏观总量和微观效率两个层次对1999年山东省17个市(地)的农业状况进行了差异分析,根据比较优势原理提出了区域资源区际优化的解决思路和对策,为今后我国区域农业发展提供借鉴.     

土地利用结构变化及其生态服务功能响应——以广东省湛江市为例

为了分析土地利用结构变化对生态系统服务价值的影响,以湛江市为例,利用1996-2005年土地利用变更调查数据,采用谢高地等提出的生态系统服务价值当量因子表,分析了生态系统服务价值对土地利用结构变化的响应.结果表明,湛江市在1996-2005年间土地利用结构的多样性和均匀度增加而优势度降低;生态系统服务价值有较明显变化,但不规律,表现出时增时降的波动态势;生态系统服务价值与土地利用多样化指数、多样性指数、优势度指数、均匀度指数等没有明显的相关性.     

农村劳动力转移与农户间林地流转——基于浙江省两个县(市)调查的研究

论文从理论上分析了农村劳动力转移对农户间林地要素流转的作用机制,并运用计量经济学方法和223个农户的调查数据进行了实证检验。得出如下主要结论:农村剩余劳动力的转移对农户林地流出具有显著的促进作用;对农户的林地流入具有限制作用,但是在农村剩余劳动力大量存在的前提下,这种作用并不显著;同时也发现我国当前的林业生产存在一定程度的规模经济;林地仍然承担部分农户的生计保障功能。这将对林区政策的制定具有一定的启示。     

Assessing the dynamic efficiency of internal mitigation projects. An evolutionary perspective

Internal mitigation projects have recently been proposed as an additional flexibility mechanism, particularly in the context of the European Union. Their main objective is to engage sectors not included in the European Union emissions trading scheme (EU ETS) in cost-effective emissions reductions. However, in this paper it is argued that, when assessed in terms of dynamic efficiency, the instrument is likely to be, at best, irrelevant to induce the scale of systemic technological changes which are required to tackle the climate change problem and, at worst, detrimental for this task. Insights from the Evolutionary Economics of technological change complemented with political economy considerations are used to support this claim.

基于投入产出非线性模型的能源强度情景优化

节约资源在我国的"十一五"规划中已经上升到了基本国策的战略地位,降低能源强度是资源节约的一项具体体现。论文以行业最终需求为决策变量,以2010年能源强度最小为目标,构建了一个基于投入产出的能源强度非线性优化模型。在此基础上,设计了三方案九情景和一个强化节能情景,并采用遗传算法对模型进行求解。研究结论表明:如果不采取强化节能情景,能源强度的最优值区间为0.999 6~1.136 4 tce/104元,没有实现2010年能源强度降低20%的目标。如果实行强化节能,2010年能源强度可下降到0.943 9 tce/104元,相比2005年下降了21.75%,实现了"十一五"规划节能降耗20%的目标。     

Prospect theory and energy efficiency

Investments in energy efficiency entail uncertainty, and when faced with uncertainty consumers have been shown to behave according to prospect theory: preferences are reference-dependent and exhibit loss aversion, and probabilities are subjectively weighted. Using data from a choice experiment eliciting prospect theory parameters, I provide evidence that loss-averse people are less likely to invest in energy efficiency. Then, I consider policy design under prospect theory when there are also externalities from energy use. A higher degree of loss aversion implies a higher subsidy to energy efficiency. Numerical simulations suggest that the impact of prospect theory on policy may be substantial.     

地方政府工业用地低价出让行为经济合理性分析——基于广东省地级市层面的实证研究

以广东省为例,利用2007-2012 年地级市层面的面板数据,采用面板数据因果检验及回归分析等方法,实证分析了地方政府工业用地低价出让财政激励的内在逻辑。同时,从财务和价值两个维度,对地方政府工业用地低价出让行为的经济合理性进行了判断。研究结果表明:① 地方政府工业用地低价出让具备引资功能,通过土地要素换资本要素的方式能够获取投资的流入;② 资本净流入对地方政府税收和商住用地出让金增长具有明显的正向作用,投资引入将导致地方政府预算内、外财政收入的增长;③ 工业用地低价出让行为普遍具有财务上的合理性,并非不惜成本的非理性竞争;④ 工业用地低价出让行为不具备价值上的合理性,价值损失可视为地方政府以土地要素换资本要素这种引资竞争方式的成本。基于研究结论,论文建议为纠正地方政府工业用地低价出让行为可从两方面入手:一是调整中央-地方政府间的财权-事权结构;二是改变以财政收入增速的相对绩效为重点的政绩考核方式。