封育次生马尾松(Pinus massoniana)林优势种群竞争密度效应

以退化红壤区封山育林植被恢复过程中优势种群马尾松为研究对象,研究不同恢复阶段马尾松种群竞争密度效应,并提出一个适用性更强的竞争密度效应模型.研究表明,退化红壤区植被恢复过程中优势种群马尾松竞争密度效应明显,优势种群平均胸径(D)、平均胸高断面积(S)、平均单株材积(V)、林分蓄积量 (M)与种群密度 (ρ)的竞争密度关系密切,达到极显著水平(α<0. 01);新竞争密度效应模型较前人模型描述C-D效应效果更理想,可在森林竞争密度效应研究中应用. 表 4参 19     

有机农业与常规农业对农田生物多样性影响的比较研究进展

一些研究者认为,有机农业不仅在理念上而且在实践上,都有助于促进农田生物多样性的维持和保护.为了促进我国科学界对有机农业与农田生物多样性关联性研究的关注,综述了有机农业对农田生态系统内杂草、地表节肢动物、土壤生物以及鸟类等不同生物类群种类、数量及其多样性的影响.     

Potential allelopathic effect of Pinus halepensis in the secondary succession: an experimental approach

Summary. Recent economic and social changes in north Mediterranean regions have led to an important rural depopulation. Consequently, meadows developed on abandoned agricultural lands (characterized by high species richness) undergo reforestation. These former fields are mainly colonized by Pinus halepensis Miller, which is known to synthetize a wide range of secondary metabolites, among these, some could influence plant succession through allelopathy. The allelopathic potential of P. halepensis, was tested against two target species (Lactuca sativa L. and Linum strictum L.) with aqueous extracts obtained from different organs (root and needle) taking into account the individual age (±10, ±30 and > 60 years old). Root and needle extracts affected differently germination and growth of the two target species, the responses varying with concentration of extracts, age and organs tested. The strongest inhibitory effect was observed on the germination and growth of L. strictum, exposed to needle extracts of young P. halepensis (±10 years old), and root extracts of older P. halepensis (> 30 years old). These extracts contained several phenolic acids (e.g. 4-hydroxybenzoic acid and p-coumaric acid), which are known as allelochemicals and their concentrations vary with age and organ tested. Hence, P. halepensis could influence secondary succession through the release of potential allelochemicals in the environment by leaf leachates or root exudates.     

岩溶生态系统的土壤

岩溶生态系统的土壤是岩溶地区岩石、大气、水、生物等四大圈层相互作用的产物，成土速率较慢，土壤剖面和空间分布受地貌演化阶段和岩溶双层空间结构的控制。在碳酸盐岩的差异侵蚀和土壤丧失的作用下，岩溶生态系统的土壤逐渐向裂隙和低洼部位退缩，形成景观中的土壤资源斑块，成为岩溶生态系统的养分库、水库和种子库，这种自然演替形成的小尺度上的土壤斑块和生境异质性对于维持岩溶景观的健康状况是非常重要的。今后的研究应着重从岩溶表层生态系统的运行过程中来把握岩溶生态系统土壤的动态特征和相互间的反馈关系。     

紫外线B对海洋生态系统的影响

近年来随着臭氧损失现象日益严重，到达地球表面的紫外线B辐射不断加强，海洋生态系统受到了前所未有的威胁。UV-B的增强改变了生物体赖以生存的水体环境，影响了浮游植物对营养盐的吸收同化，抑制了浮游植物的光合作用，从而减少了海洋对CO2的吸收能力，其结果直接增加了温室效应。同时UV-B也直接影响生态系统食物链的各个营养级，伤害海洋病毒、细菌和浮游植物，降低浮游动物和仔稚鱼的成活率，进而影响到整个海洋生态系统的结构和功能。     

Ecological Networks as Conceptual Frameworks or Operational Tools in Conservation

Abstract:  The establishment of ecological networks (ENs) has been proposed as an ideal way to counteract the increasing fragmentation of natural ecosystems and as a necessary complement to the establishment of protected areas for biodiversity conservation. This conservation tool, which comprises core areas, corridors, and buffer areas, has attracted the attention of several national and European institutions. It is thought that ENs can connect habitat patches and thus enable species to move across unsuitable areas. In Europe, however, ENs are proposed as an oversimplification of complex ecological concepts, and we maintain that they are of limited use for biodiversity conservation for several reasons. The ENs are species specific and operate on species-dependent scales. In addition, the information needed for their implementation is only available for a handful of species. To overcome these limitations, ENs have been proposed on a landscape scale (and for selected "focal" species), but there is no indication that the structural composition of core areas, corridors, and buffer areas could ensure the functional connectivity and improve the viability of more than a few species. The theory behind ENs fails to provide sufficient practical information on how to build them (e.g., width, shape, structure, content). In fact, no EN so far has been validated in practice (ensuring connectivity and increasing overall biodiversity conservation), and there are no signs that validation will be possible in the near future. In view of these limitations, it is difficult to justify spending economic and political resources on building systems that are at best working hypotheses that cannot be evaluated on a practical level.     

三江源区草场生态恶化原因新解

上世纪60年代以来三江源区草场“三化”明显,生态恶化,究其原因,既有自然因素的影响,又有人类活动的作用。通过比较分析有测量记录的气温、降雨和年末牲畜存栏数、采金、挖虫草(Cordycepssinensis)规模的变化及其与草原植被覆盖度变化的关系,文章为人为成因说提供了更为翔实可靠的证据。结论:超载是1957—1979年间、采金子和挖虫草是1980—2004年间草场生态恶化的主要原因。     

长江口湿地资源生物的可持续利用

长江口湿地是我国一块重要的滨海湿地,蕴含了丰富的自然资源,这些自然资源为当地乃至更广领域的经济发展都作出了重要的贡献。本文主要探讨该湿地生态系统中六种具有代表性资源生物的利用现状。这六种资源生物是中华绒螯蟹苗、日本鳗鲡苗、缢蛏、河蚬、芦苇和海三棱草。它们在维持河口生态系统的稳定性和连续性上具有其他许多生物所不可替代的作用。目前由于种种原因,这些资源的持续发展已受到了一定的威胁,造成它们资源现存量下降的主要原因是过度捕捞、受污严重及围垦滩涂等一些因素。如何正确利用和保护这些资源已是一项急待解决的问题,针对这些问题为可持续利用它们提出了一些相应的对策和建议。     

多环芳烃的零阶价分子连接性指数与正-辛醇/水分配系数

本文建立了准确预测多环芳烃(PAHs)及其烷基衍生物的正-辛醇/水分配系数(Kow)模型。模型表明PAHs的分配性质可用零阶价分子连接性指数(~°x~v)描述,~°x~v数值与PAHs的logKow成正比。应用本模型可以预测大范围PAHs的logKow值。