罗尔斯顿的环境伦理学——生态系统中的自然关系

生态系统是作为一种整体而存在的,这个整体是独立的,自在的。作为整体,它是高于有机体个体的。其整体,又是有机体存在的外部环境和条件。但生态系统的存在,又是非意识化的,生态系统在自身的进化过程中,不具有明确的进化目的性,而只是一种随机进化的过程。正是这种随机性,才孕育出了生物及有机体的多样性,生态系统表面上的杂乱是出自于一种和谐,生态系统是一种松散的共同体式有机体秩序。     

白洋淀水生食物链BHC、DDT生物浓缩分析

为了评价ＢＨＣ和ＤＤＴ在水生食物链的生物累积放大效应,对白洋淀地区端村水域生态系统水生生物对六六六、ＤＤＴ的富集沿食物生物营养等级而递增的规律性较强（当年生鲫鱼例外）,水体,底泥水生维管束植物,浮游动物、底栖动物,当年生鲫鱼及２龄乌鳢体内六六六残留量分别为：０．３μｇ／Ｌ,０．７μｇ／ｋｇ,１９．０μｇ／ｋｇ,３０．０μｇ／ｋｇ,６０．９μｇ／ｋｇ,１７．２μｇ／ｋｇ、１１０．７μｇ／ｋｇ,ＤＤＴ     

RESPONSE OF NORTH AMERICAN FRESHWATER LAKES TO SIMULATED FUTURE CLIMATES1

ABSTRACT: We apply a physically based lake model to assess the response of North American lakes to future climate conditions as portrayed by the transient trace-gas simulations conducted with the Max Planck Institute (ECHAM4) and the Canadian Climate Center (CGCM1) atmosphere-ocean general circulation models (A/OGCMs). To quantify spatial patterns of lake responses (temperature, mixing, ice cover, evaporation) we ran the lake model for theoretical lakes of specified area, depth, and transparency over a uniformly spaced (50 km) grid. The simulations were conducted for two 10-year periods that represent present climatic conditions and those around the time of CO₂ doubling. Although the climate model output produces simulated lake responses that differ in specific regional details, there is broad agreement with regard to the direction and area of change. In particular, lake temperatures are generally warmer in the future as a result of warmer climatic conditions and a substantial loss (> 100 days/yr) of winter ice cover. Simulated summer lake temperatures are higher than 30°C over the Midwest and south, suggesting the potential for future disturbance of existing aquatic ecosystems. Overall increases in lake evaporation combine with disparate changes in A/OGCM precipitation to produce future changes in net moisture (precipitation minus evaporation) that are of less fidelity than those of lake temperature.     

城市生态系统服务功能的价值结构分析

本文从城市生态系统价值体系出发,探讨城市自然资本,经济资本和社会资本综合测算的理论与方法,结果表明：示范区的自然总资本以年均４％的速度递减,其真实总资本年均增长率为４．５％而不是国内生产总值的１２．６％,自然资本的增减应成为衡量一个城市或区域是否实现可持续发展的核心指标。城市生态系统中自然资本由持续递减变为递增,是实现人类共同追求的可持续发展目标必由之路。     

海口市生活垃圾碳输出研究

生活垃圾的碳输出是城市生态系统碳循环的环节之一,而且与城市环境污染密切有关.研究生活垃圾碳输出是研究城市生态系统碳循环的基础工作,还有助于分析城市居民消费的环境影响.基于实地采样和数据收集获得的生活垃圾数据,分析了海口市生活垃圾碳输出的现状和趋势.结果表明,2001年海口市26.92×10⁴t生活垃圾的碳输出量为10.51×10⁴t,每人每天生活垃圾的碳输出量为0.326kg,其中31%左右的碳在填埋方式下转化成CH₄、CO₂和渗沥水中的有机物,69%左右的碳被长期固定.在被固定的碳中,约33%的来源于大气,这说明生活垃圾可能是碳汇.1991～1999年,海口市生活垃圾碳输出呈现明显增长趋势,年均增长率为9.55%,其中,可被固定在生活垃圾中的碳量增长趋势较为明显,年增长率达到13.23%.海口市生活垃圾碳增加与人均消费支出和人口数的增加呈显著相关,表明人均消费支出和人口数对生活垃圾碳输出具有一定的影响.     

深圳福田红树林生态系统生态恢复对策研究

红树林是具有独特结构与功能的生态系统 ,对退化红树林生态系统进行恢复与重建是提高红树林生态系统生物多样性的重要途径。分析了深圳福田红树林生态系统的退化状况 ,提出生态恢复的目标 ,并从水污染控制、红树植物引种驯化、丰富食物链和景观规划的角度提出生态恢复的措施 ,最后讨论有待进一步研究的问题。     

基于文献计量分析的珊瑚礁生态修复技术研究现状及发展趋势

珊瑚礁是海洋生态系统的重要组成部分,具有食物资源、药用价值、海岸防护等生态功能.近年来受到自然气候及人类活动的影响,珊瑚礁生态系统发生了大规模的退化,因此,珊瑚礁生态修复技术逐渐成为研究热点.本文从Web of Science核心合集、CNKI、德温特数据库等获得相关文献,对全球及国内珊瑚礁生态修复技术研究热点进行全面...     

Effective conservation planning of Iberian amphibians based on a regionalization of climate-driven range shifts

Amphibians are severely affected by climate change, particularly in regions where droughts prevail and water availability is scarce. The extirpation of amphibians triggers cascading effects that disrupt the trophic structure of food webs and ecosystems. Dedicated assessments of the spatial adaptive potential of amphibian species under climate change are, therefore, essential to provide guidelines for their effective conservation. I used predictions about the location of suitable climates for 27 amphibian species in the Iberian Peninsula from a baseline period to 2080 to typify shifting species’ ranges. The time at which these range types are expected to be functionally important for the adaptation of a species was used to identify full or partial refugia; areas most likely to be the home of populations moving into new climatically suitable grounds; areas most likely to receive populations after climate adaptive dispersal; and climatically unsuitable areas near suitable areas. I implemented an area prioritization protocol for each species to obtain a cohesive set of areas that would provide maximum adaptability and where management interventions should be prioritized. A connectivity assessment pinpointed where facilitative strategies would be most effective. Each of the 27 species had distinct spatial requirements but, common to all species, a bottleneck effect was predicted by 2050 because source areas for subsequent dispersal were small in extent. Three species emerged as difficult to maintain up to 2080. The Iberian northwest was predicted to capture adaptive range for most species. My study offers analytical guidelines for managers and decision makers to undertake systematic assessments on where and when to intervene to maximize the persistence of amphibian species and the functionality of the ecosystems that depend on them.     

Effects of Amazonian flying rivers on frog biodiversity and populations in the Atlantic rainforest

Given the speed at which humans are changing the climate, species with high degrees of endemism may not have time to avoid extinction through adaptation. We investigated through teleconnection analysis the origin of rainfall that determines the phylogenetic diversity of rainforest frogs and the effects of microclimate differences in shaping the morphological traits of isolated populations (which contribute to greater phylogenetic diversity and speciation). We also investigated through teleconnection analysis how deforestation in Amazonia can affect ecosystem services that are fundamental to maintaining the climate of the Atlantic rainforest biodiversity hotspot. Seasonal winds known as flying rivers carry water vapor from Amazonia to the Atlantic Forest, and the breaking of this ecosystem service could lead Atlantic Forest species to population decline and extinction in the short term. Our results suggest that the selection of morphological traits that shape Atlantic Forest frog diversity and their population dynamics are influenced by the Amazonian flying rivers. Our results also suggest that the increases of temperature anomalies in the Atlantic Ocean due to global warming and in the Amazon forest due to deforestation are already breaking this cycle and threaten the biodiversity of the Atlantic Forest hotspot.     

Validating graph-based connectivity models with independent presence–absence and genetic data sets

Habitat connectivity is a key objective of current conservation policies and is commonly modeled by landscape graphs (i.e., sets of habitat patches [nodes] connected by potential dispersal paths [links]). These graphs are often built based on expert opinion or species distribution models (SDMs) and therefore lack empirical validation from data more closely reflecting functional connectivity. Accordingly, we tested whether landscape graphs reflect how habitat connectivity influences gene flow, which is one of the main ecoevolutionary processes. To that purpose, we modeled the habitat network of a forest bird (plumbeous warbler [Setophaga plumbea]) on Guadeloupe with graphs based on expert opinion, Jacobs’ specialization indices, and an SDM. We used genetic data (712 birds from 27 populations) to compute local genetic indices and pairwise genetic distances. Finally, we assessed the relationships between genetic distances or indices and cost distances or connectivity metrics with maximum-likelihood population-effects distance models and Spearman correlations between metrics. Overall, the landscape graphs reliably reflected the influence of connectivity on population genetic structure; validation R² was up to 0.30 and correlation coefficients were up to 0.71. Yet, the relationship among graph ecological relevance, data requirements, and construction and analysis methods was not straightforward because the graph based on the most complex construction method (species distribution modeling) sometimes had less ecological relevance than the others. Cross-validation methods and sensitivity analyzes allowed us to make the advantages and limitations of each construction method spatially explicit. We confirmed the relevance of landscape graphs for conservation modeling but recommend a case-specific consideration of the cost-effectiveness of their construction methods. We hope the replication of independent validation approaches across species and landscapes will strengthen the ecological relevance of connectivity models.