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571.
基于土地利用变化的生态服务价值损益估算--以大庆市为例 总被引:21,自引:0,他引:21
土地利用/覆盖变化遥感研究表明,大庆市自1988年以来土地利用状态变化很大,由此引起了该区域生态环境的一系列响应及其生态系统服务价值的变化。以大庆市1988年和2001年的Landsat TM图像解译数据为基础,应用Costanza等人对全球生态系统服务价值的测算方法,分析了该市土地利用变化及其所引起的生态系统服务价值的变化。研究结果表明,13年间,大庆市土地利用的变化损害了该区域生态系统的生态服务功能,使生态系统服务价值损失了20.76%-24.01%。 相似文献
572.
田间增强UV-B辐射对麦田生态系统Fe营养和累积的影响 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
研究大田栽培和自然光条件下,模拟UV-B辐射(UV-B,280nm ~315nm )增强对麦田生态系统Fe营养和累积的影响.在4 个生育期中,UV-B辐射显著增加叶和穗Fe含量,显著降低根Fe 含量,并改变茎Fe 含量.叶Fe累积对UV-B辐射的响应有明显的生育期之间的差异. 分蘖期无显著变化,拔节期和扬花期显著增加,而成熟期显著降低.在各生育期,UV-B辐射显著降低叶、根和穗Fe累积.UV-B辐射显著降低春小麦不同生育期Fe总累积,在5.31kJ·m-2 UV-B辐射下,降低最显著.UV-B辐射还降低春小麦群体Fe输出.麦田土壤速效Fe含量增加是春小麦群体Fe输出降低的结果,可能导致土壤库中Fe 储量的增加. 相似文献
573.
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575.
漓江流域典型岩溶生态系统的自然特征差异 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
对漓江流域两种典型岩溶生态系统---典型峰林平原与典型峰丛洼地的自然特征研究对比表明,两者的差异集中体现在岩溶形态(包括石峰与洞穴)、地势分布、水文网、土壤与植被、洪水灾害与系统输入输出功能等方面,其中岩溶形态、地势分布、可开发利用的水资源与土地资源是两种系统存在显著差异的关键因素。典型峰林平原地势平坦开阔,外源水来源丰富,地下水分布均匀,土层成因多、分布广,具有城市发展、人群集聚的良好基础条件,但洪水灾害、枯季缺水、地面塌陷是影响社会发展的自然环境问题;典型峰丛洼地山地多,地势高,缺乏外源水,地下水埋藏深,土地资源贫乏,导致生境条件恶劣,不适于人群集聚,自然村落发展条件处于明显劣势。 相似文献
576.
577.
生态资产评估静态部分平衡模型的分析与改进 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
静态部分平衡模型是目前生态资产价值评估中可操作性比较强的一种评估模型。由于生态资产评估领域中还存在很多争议,论文从对生态资产评估的目的、特点、模型假设、方法和途径等方面入手,对生态资产价值评估静态部分平衡模型进行了分析,指出传统模型中存在的一些缺陷,并尝试对模型进行改进。选择黄河皇甫川流域五分地沟小流域作为研究区,依据传统模型和改进模型分别对研究区进行生态资产评估,结果表明,改进模型估算的流域生态资产总价值比传统模型的计算结果高出约1/3,其中林地和草地的单位面积价值上升,灌木林的单位面积价值则下降。 相似文献
578.
Zisheng Xing Charles P.-A. Bourque Fan-Rui Meng Roger M. Cox D. Edwin Swift Tianshan Zha Lien Chow 《Ecological modelling》2008
In this paper we present a simple hybrid gap-filling model (GFM) designed with a minimum number of parameters necessary to capture the ecological processes important for filling medium-to-large gaps in Flux data. As the model is process-based, the model has potential to be used in filling large gaps exhibiting a broad range of micro-meteorological and site conditions. The GFM performance was evaluated using “Punch hole” and extrapolation experiments based on data collected in west-central New Brunswick. These experiments indicated that the GFM is able to provide acceptable results (r2 > 0.80) when >500 data points are used in model parameterization. The GFM was shown to address daytime evolution of NEP reasonably well for a wide range of weather and site conditions. An analysis of residuals indicated that for the most part no obvious trends were evident; although a slight bias was detected in NEP with soil temperature. To explore the portability of the GFM across ecosystem types, a transcontinental validation was conducted using NEP and ancillary data from seven ecosystems along a north-south transect (i.e., temperature–moisture gradient) from northern Europe (Finland) to the Middle East (Israel). The GFM was shown to explain over 75% of the variability in NEP measured at most ecosystems, which strongly suggests that the GFM maybe successfully applied to forest ecosystems outside Canada. 相似文献
579.
Selecting parameters for calibration via sensitivity analysis: An individual-based model of mosquitofish population dynamics 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
A stochastic individual-based model (IBM) of mosquitofish population dynamics in experimental ponds was constructed in order to increase, virtually, the number of replicates of control populations in an ecotoxicology trial, and thus to increase the statistical power of the experiments. In this context, great importance had to be paid to model calibration as this conditions the use of the model as a reference for statistical comparisons. Accordingly, model calibration required that both mean behaviour and variability behaviour of the model were in accordance with real data. Currently, identifying parameter values from observed data is still an open issue for IBMs, especially when the parameter space is large. Our model included 41 parameters: 30 driving the model expectancy and 11 driving the model variability. Under these conditions, the use of “Latin hypercube” sampling would most probably have “missed” some important combinations of parameter values. Therefore, complete factorial design was preferred. Unfortunately, due to the constraints of the computational capacity, cost-acceptable “complete designs” were limited to no more than nine parameters, the calibration question becoming a parameter selection question. In this study, successive “complete designs” were conducted with different sets of parameters and different parameter values, in order to progressively narrow the parameter space. For each “complete design”, the selection of a maximum of nine parameters and their respective n values was carefully guided by sensitivity analysis. Sensitivity analysis was decisive in selecting parameters that were both influential and likely to have strong interactions. According to this strategy, the model of mosquitofish population dynamics was calibrated on real data from two different years of experiments, and validated on real data from another independent year. This model includes two categories of agents; fish and their living environment. Fish agents have four main processes: growth, survival, puberty and reproduction. The outputs of the model are the length frequency distribution of the population and the 16 scalar variables describing the fish populations. In this study, the length frequency distribution was parameterized by 10 scalars in order to be able to perform calibration. The recently suggested notion of “probabilistic distribution of the distributions” was also applied to our case study, and was shown to be very promising for comparing length frequency distributions (as such). 相似文献
580.
Evaluation of a Market in Wetland Credits: Entrepreneurial Wetland Banking in Chicago 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Abstract: With the rise of market‐led approaches to environmental policy, compensation for permitted discharge of dredge or fill material into wetlands under Section 404 of the U.S. Clean Water Act has been purchased increasingly from entrepreneurial third‐party providers. The growth of this practice (i.e., entrepreneurial wetland banking) has resolved many challenges associated with wetland compensation. But it has also produced (1) quantifiable temporal loss of wetland ecological functions, (2) spatial redistribution of wetland area, and (3) a degree of regulatory instability that may pose a threat to entrepreneurial compensation as a sustainable component of wetland‐compensation policy. We used achieved compensation ratios, lapse between bank credit sale and the attainment of performance standards, distance between impact and bank site, and changes in bank market area to examine these 3 factors. We analyzed data from a census of all such transactions in the Chicago District of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, compiled from site visits, Corps databases, and contacts with consultants and Section 404 permittees. Entrepreneurial banking provided compensation at a lower overall ratio than nonbank forms of compensation. Approximately 60% of bank credits were sold after site‐protection standards were met but before ecological performance standards were met at the bank site. The average distance between bank and impact site was approximately 26 km. The area of markets within which established banks can sell wetland credits has fluctuated considerably over the study period. Comparing these data with similar data for other compensation mechanisms will assist in evaluating banking as an element of conservation policy. Data characterizing the performance of entrepreneurial wetland banks in actual regulatory environments are scarce, even though it is the most established of similar markets that have become instrumental to federal policy in administering several major environmental protection laws. 相似文献