江西鄱阳湖国家级自然保护区湿地生态系统评价

鄱阳湖是我国最大的淡水湖。鄱阳湖自然保护区以其独特的地形地貌，在亚热带湿润季风气候综合作用下，形成了一个多功能的复合湿地生态系统。根据湿地三条划分标准：有充分的水分、有机质含量较高的土壤及适应于此环境的植被。鄱阳湖自然保护区属淡水湿地生态系统。本文从水文、土壤、生物组成和系统功能等方面论述了鄱阳湖自然保护区湿地生态系统的特征，进而进行分类和综合评价。保护区按使用者效益、非使用者效益两部分分类。在综合评价的基础上，针对保护区水面减少、管理方法、经营使用形式老化、人为干扰及血吸虫病等存在的问题，就加强保护区建设提出４项建议。     

县域生态功能区划研究——以桐柏县为例

结合桐柏县的实例，对县域生态功能区划分的原则和方法进行初步探讨。综合利用3S技术对县域生态敏感性和生态服务功能重要性的分析和评价，提出桐柏县生态服务功能区划的初步方案。将桐柏县划分为生态支持区，产品供给区，生态调节区。简要分析了各功能区在桐柏县经济可持续发展中的地位和作用，指出各区协调发展的方向和途征。     

Element cycling in the dominant plant community in the Alpine tundra zone of Changbai Mountains, China

Element cycling in the dominant plant communities including Rh. aureum, Rh. redowskianum and Vaccinium uliginosum in the Alpine tundra zone of Changbai Mountains in northeast China was studied. The results indicate that the amount of elements from litter decomposition was less than that of the plant uptake from soil, but that from plant uptake was higher than that in soil with mineralization process released. On the other hand, in the open system including precipitation input and soil leaching output, because of great number of elements from precipitation into the open system, the element cycling(except N, P) in the Alpine tundra ecosystem was in a dynamic balance. In this study, it was also found that different organ of plants had significant difference in accumulating elements. Ca, Mg, P and N were accumulated more obviously in leaves, while Fe was in roots. The degree of concentration of elements in different tissues of the same organ of the plants also was different, a higher concentration of Ca, Mg, P and N in mesophyll than in nerve but Fe was in a reversed order. The phenomenon indicates ( 1 ) a variety of biochemical functions of different elements, (2) the elements in mesophyll were with a shorter turnover period than those in nerve or fibre, but higher utilization rate for plant. Therefore, this study implies the significance of keeping element dynamic balance in the alpine tundra ecosystem of Changbai Mountains.     

人类活动对生态系统服务功能的影响

生态系统服务功能是人类可持续发展的基础,但是人类在利用生态系统提供自然资源和生存环境两个方面的多种服务功能的同时,也在强烈影响生态系统的服务功能。除部分人类活动有利于生态系统服务功能的稳定与提高外,更多地则导致了一系列危及自身生存与发展的生态环境危机与灾难。目前,生态系统服务功能受到人类活动影响的后果已成为全球面临的日益突出的重大问题和人类社会共同关注的焦点,因而人类活动对生态系统服务功能的影响愈加受到人们的重视。论文介绍了生态系统服务功能的定义,阐述了生态系统服务功能的内涵,重点分析了人类活动影响生态系统服务功能的类型、人类活动对生态系统服务功能的影响及变化趋势。在此基础上,对尚待进一步研究的内容提出了建议。     

黑龙江省松花江流域洪灾生态防治研究

在对黑龙江省松花江流域洪灾和生态环境现状调查基础上，分析了洪灾与生态环境破坏之间的相关因素，证明生态环境遭到破坏可加剧洪灾发生的频率与危害程度，对此提出了保护生态环境的具体措施。     

生态系统服务价值评估研究进展及其在环境保护中的意义

介绍了生态系统服务功能价值的国内外研究进展。对研究趋势进行了分析，并对开展生态价值评价在环境保护中的意义进行了分析。     

Evaluation of ecosystem health for regional development in the southwestern Beijing, China

Ecosystem health assessment is one of the most important issues in regional ecological quality and safety studies. It also has a great significance to ecological conservation and regional development. This study focused on assessing the health status of forest, agriculture and urban ecosystems in the southwestern Beijing, China, including the Fangshan and Fengtai Districts. Based on field surveys and data collection, an assessment index system containing the vigor, organization and resilience factors was developed to measure the ecosystem health. Each index was scored from 1 to 5, representing five levels that contribute to the whole ecosystem health. The analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method was used to measure the weights of each index and three factors, and thus an overall score for a certain ecosystem was calculated. The results show that the forest ecosystem in the Fangshan District had higher health value than the Fengtai District, while the urban ecosystem had a slightly lower value in the Fangshan District than the Fengtai District. Both districts show lower resilience values in forest and urban ecosystems. Maintaining the ecosystem health will definitely benefit the long-term development of two districts. This study suggested that an approach for assessing the regional ecosystem health could be further developed to address spatial and synergy relationships between ecosystems and the three health factors.     

平行AO/AN除磷工艺中放线菌种群结构及分类

利用分子生物学技术直接从活性污泥样品中提取DNA,采用套式PCR技术对特征基因片断进行扩增,结合DGGE(变性浓度梯度凝胶电泳)研究了平行AO/NO除磷工艺中的放线菌种群结构,并分析了活性污泥中微生物种群结构及行为特征.测定了活性污泥中部分菌种的16SrDNA V3 区片段序列,通过NCBI(美国国立生物技术信息中心)基因库比对,初步确定了部分细菌的属.在除磷效果稳定的情况下,系统中除磷微生物种群结构大致能保持不变,少数数量或种类发生变化的种群与系统中含氧量变化有关,但处于动态变化中的菌群结构总体能够适应工艺运行环境条件.     

南水北调中线干渠生态系统结构与功能分析

为分析和掌握南水北调中线干渠生态系统结构与功能的特征参数,根据2015~2019年中线干渠鱼类资源调查数据及实测的鱼类生物学参数数据,应用Ecopath with Ecosim 6.6软件构建了Ecopath食物网模型.模型由18个功能组组成,包括了初级生产者、初级消费者、主要鱼类和有机碎屑等.结果显示：中线干渠生态系统规模总流量、总生产量和总消耗量分别为19186.330,8947.857和1106.002（t/（km²·a））,食物网主要由4个整合营养级（1.00~3.71）构成,最高营养级为大型肉食性鱼类鱤（3.71）.食物网能量传递主要有两条途径,分别为牧食食物链和碎屑食物链,两者传递的能量相当,但牧食食物链传递效率是碎屑食物链的近两倍.交互营养分析结果表明,捕食者对其饵料生物的影响一般为抑制作用,碎屑生物量的增加对大部分功能组的影响为正效应,小型上层鱼类对浮游动物生物量起抑制作用.从各功能组之间的生态位重叠来看,各功能组间捕食者生态位重叠现象不普遍,重叠指数适中,部分肉食性鱼类的捕食者生态位重叠指数达到1.对生态系统总体特征分析发现,中线干渠生态系统的总初级生产量与总呼吸量的比值（P/R）、总初级生产量与总生物量的比值（P/B）、Finn's循环指数（FCI）和Finn's平均路径长度（FML）都表明该生态系统处于发展的幼态期,抵抗外界干扰的能力差.此外,中线干渠生态系统对初级生产力的利用率很低,导致过多的营养物质未进入更高营养级的食物链中进行循环,造成系统能量流动的滞缓.因此,根据生物操纵理论,可通过优化和完善鱼类群落结构,增强对系统初级生产力的利用效率,促进物质循环和能量流动,维持生态系统稳定.     

小尺度潮间带生态系统遥感综合评估方法构建

基于遥感技术,将生态系统格局、质量及服务功能等3方面集成起来,考虑尺度、受益者需求后,构建了小尺度潮间带生态系统遥感综合评估方法,解决了生态系统评估尺度转换及生态系统系统性评估弱的问题.基于构建的评估方法,以辽宁省双台子河口潮间带生态系统为研究区,定量评估了其在1990~2016年间的生态系统状况及变化趋势,结果表明研究区生态系统综合评估状况以差等级和中等级为主,有13.1%的像元呈显著减弱趋势,6.9%的像元呈显著增加趋势.综合评估结果能够定量反映研究区各地物类型的生态系统时空差异,符合受益者感受,并与前人研究成果一致,表明构建的生态系统综合评估方法具有可行性与应用潜力.