遗传资源经济价值评价研究

初步建立了比较完整的遗传资源经济价值评估的框架、体系、平台 ,初步评估了人体基因、野生大豆、BT转基因棉的经济价值 ,为遗传资源市场化和国际遗传资源惠益分享提供科学依据 ,为进一步研究提供参考。     

基于Client/Server数据完整性约束之研究

本文主要讨论基于Client/Server数据完整性约束及其如何实施企业业务规则,并以SQLServer和PowerBuilder为例,介绍了数据完整性约束的实现技术.     

Roles of male residence and relative size in the social behavior of Iberian rock lizards, Lacerta monticola

Many studies on contest competition used residency asymmetry as a discrete variable. However, the probability of winning an interaction may change as a continuous function of the value of the location where the encounter occurs. We performed a field study to examine the importance of location within a home range and relative body size to the outcomes of agonistic interactions between male lizards, Lacerta monticola. The distances to activity centers (the most used locations based on a density function of sightings) and relative size play important roles in agonistic interactions and had interacting effects in natural conditions. On the other hand, previous studies with lizards suggested that inferior competitors are able to avoid agonistic interactions in the field. Thus, we staged encounters in the laboratory to examine the behavioral responses of smaller individuals. The responses of each focal smaller male were measured in its own home cage (resident), in the cage of a larger male (intruder) and in a cage in which no male was previously present (control). The predominant behavioral tactics of smaller males were avoidance when they are the intruders and displaying when they are the residents. Submissive displays by smaller males may help reduce the costs of agonistic encounters.     

不同生态系统中细菌遗传物质的转移

核苷酸序列分析和全基因组序列分析表明,细菌的进化通常是由于不同种属之间遗传物质水平转移而推进,基因转移的主要方式有转化、转导和接合,本文综述了有关自然界不同生态系统中细菌遗传物质转移的研究,这些研究可以促使更好地评估基因的水平转移,同时在农业生产或环境补救时人们会特意向环境中释放天然或重组细菌,了解环境中基因的水平转移对于安全评估这些细菌造成的后果也是必需的,参46     

网上银行的发展与创新

传统银行一般是单方面开发业务品种,向客户推销产品和服务,客户只能在规定的业务范围内选择自己需要的银行服务,而因特网向银行服务提供了交互式的沟通渠道.网络银行的出现,使传统银行经受了一场技术革命,传统银行业务将受到挑战,网络银行具有灵活强大的业务创新能力,不仅可延伸改造传统的业务,而且会不断设计业务新品种,创新业务方式,满足客户多样化的需求.     

城市生态系统的格局和过程

城市生态系统是人类活动影响下的复合生态系统。人为的开发利用活动和局地的生物物理条件形成了城市特有的景观格局。城市发展改变了自然的生物栖息环境,从根本上改变了生态系统的结构、过程、功能,以及所提供的各种服务。这种改变最终又会影响人类自身的健康生存。文章综述了国内外有关城市景观格局和和重要生态过程之间相互作用机制的研究进展。通过研究发现,在大尺度上,净初级生产力是衡量城市发展对区域物流、能流影响的有效指标;在小尺度上,城市物流、能流过程和城市内部的景观结构、格局有很强的相关性。城市发展显著的改变了自然的栖息地及生物生长过程,本地植被种类减少,外来种增加,外来种的数量和人口数量有显著的相关性;而城市动物群落主要由一些小型哺乳动物、无脊椎动物、鸟类、两栖爬行类动物组成,其中,鸟类是研究城市化过程的有效指示物种。城市生态系统特有的景观格局及生态等过程显著的改了局部区域的微气候和水文过程,城市气温增加,风速降低,云、雾量增加,地表径流增加,流速加大,污染负荷增强等。因此,控制人类活动,优化土地利用的结构和空间格局,是改善城市生态系统结构和过程,保证可持续发展的基本出发点。但是,目前有关城市-格局-过程之间的影响机制还不十分清楚,尤其是定量研究较少。因此,结合传统的城市生态学,景观生态学的理论和其他相关学科领域的发展,为深入分析城市格局-过程之间的关系提供了重要的研究前景。     

黄河水量统一调度实施前后河口三角洲生态环境变化研究

全流域水量统一调度是缓解黄河断流,维护流域生态环境的重要举措。水量调度效果如何,河口生态环境变化状况是非常重要的衡量指标。文章提出了评价水量调度效果的河口生态环境对比指标,并尝试运用遥感技术、水文数据和调查资料,对比分析了水量调度前后河口三角洲生态环境变化情况。结果表明,黄河水量统一调度后,河口三角洲最小河道生态基流在非汛期基本得到满足,断流现象不再发生,径流入海率和输沙入海量有所增加,淡水湿地面积逐渐增多,物种多样性明显得到改善。这反映出黄河流域水量统一调度后,河口三角洲生态环境正逐步恢复。     

Antipredator responses of California ground squirrels to rattlesnakes and rattling sounds: the roles of sex,reproductive parity,and offspring age in assessment and decision-making rules

California ground squirrels (Spermophilus beecheyi) and northern Pacific rattlesnakes (Crotalus viridus oreganus) have an adversarial relationship. Adults are partially protected by venom resistance and harass rattlesnakes in part to defend their more vulnerable offspring. Larger, warmer snakes are more dangerous than smaller colder snakes, and in escalated conflict squirrels could benefit from risk assessment strategies. Rattlesnakes often rattle at harassing squirrels and rattling sounds produce cues related to body size and temperature. In study 1 we played back rattling sounds from snakes that varied in dangerousness and evaluated the roles of sex and parity in squirrel risk assessment strategies. In general, squirrels tail flagged and stood bipedally more, and were slower to reapproach the playback speaker following playbacks of rattling sounds from more dangerous snakes. In comparison with males and nonmothers, mothers were most responsive to rattling sounds and more sensitive to variation in snake dangerousness. Mothers tail flagged more than males and nonmothers, and this behavior tracked variation in snake dangerousness most closely, perhaps reflecting the effects of snake size and temperature on pup vulnerability. These findings suggest that many aspects of squirrel antisnake behavior are governed by their effects on descendant kin. In study 2 we tested the effects of offspring age on mothers responses to live rattlesnakes and rattling sounds. According to the offspring value hypothesis, mothers should take more risks in defense of older offspring because they are more likely to survive to reproductive age. By contrast, under the offspring vulnerability hypothesis, older offspring are less vulnerable to predators and thus mothers should take fewer risks. Risk-taking, as measured by behaviors that bring the squirrel close to the snakes strike range, was either unaffected by or negatively correlated with offspring age. Thus, our findings suggest that whereas offspring value is unimportant in squirrel antisnake behavior, offspring vulnerability may affect maternal defense. We suggest that offspring vulnerability in mammals, in comparison with birds, may play a larger role in parental defense against predators.Communicated by P.A. BednekoffAn erratum to this article can be found at     

产业生态系统多尺度能值整合评价方法

能值分析方法为自然环境资源与人类社会、经济的统一评价提供了新的思路,但面对当今产业生态学发展的实践需求,在多尺度整合分析、动态模型构建等方面仍显薄弱,需要与经济学等其他学科相对成熟的分析方法与模型加以整合。文章以能值综合方法为核心介质,从成本分析与效果分析的整合、能值分析与区域经济分析的整合,以及能值分析表与投入-产出矩阵模型的整合三个方面进行了产业生态学的能值整合研究方法的具体构建,以促进能值理论方法与产业生态学研究需求的进一步耦合。     

森林生态系统的水文调节功能及生态学机制研究进展

森林水文调节功能是森林所实现的重要服务功能之一,可是由于森林资源被无节制的开采利用,导致人们不断遭受森林破环所带来的洪旱灾害。因此关于森林生态水文功能研究已成为生态学和水文学的研究重点之一。近年来,国内外对森林水文调节过程及其生态学机制进行了广泛深入的研究,所以文章从森林的水文过程出发,对林冠截留、树干流、凋落物层截留、林地水分涵养和蒸发蒸腾及其影响因子的国内外研究现状进行了归纳分析,研究认为林地各冠层均能够截留降雨,降低雨水动能,从而减少地表径流的产生和对地表的冲击;凋落物层能蓄留水分、抑制蒸散、减缓地表径流;而树干流改变降雨水平空间格局,影响水分入渗以及土壤水源涵养。森林结构复杂,明显改变了降雨分配过程,而森林水文过程及调节功能又受到森林结构的制约,因此定量定性探讨森林生态系统的结构、过程与水文调节功能之间关系,是未来森林生态水文功能研究的重点。