高浓度有机废液热值的探讨

探讨了采用ＣＯＤ理论值计算废液热值存在的误差，通过理论值与实测值的比较，提出了基于实测值的废液燃烧热值的计算公式；对于已知元素成份的废液，建议采用门德列夫公式计算废液的燃烧热值。     

废电池的环境污染及资源化价值分析

分析了各类废电池的资源化,安再生利用价值由高到低顺序依次为铅酸蓄电池、镍镉、镍氢电池、普通干电池。电池中含有的主要污染物质包括重金属以及酸、碱等电解质溶液。对环境和人体健康危害较大的废电池类别主要为：（1）含汞电池，指氧化汞电池，部分汞含量较高的锌锰和碱锰干电池；（2）铅酸蓄电池；（3）含镉电池，主要是Ni-Cd电池。废电池中化学物质释放进入环境过程是在电池包壳破损后发生的，或者是电池包壳本身发生浸蚀作用。普通家用干电池中的污染物质大多呈固态，由电池内部迁移到环境中是一种缓慢的过程。文中还分析了废电池污染环境的主要途径、采用各种不同处理、处置方式管理废电池可能引起的环境污染。     

洞庭湖区灾后重建的流域生态管理学思考

洞庭湖中上游水土流失加剧,导致湖区调蓄能力下降,垸高田低,灾害频率上升。为抗御洪水,堤防越筑越高,造成洪水位抬高等副作用。对此,提出流域生态管理对策：①将长江流域生态安全列为国家安全战略体系的重要内容之一；②将非蓄洪性质的围垦调整为蓄洪性质的围垦,正常年份耕种,大洪水时用其蓄洪；将封闭式围垦种植改造成为半封闭型的养殖与留湖调蓄；③环境移民城镇安置,缓解人口对土地、湖泊的压力；④进行避洪、耐渍型生态设计,建立适应水体、湖洲和低湖渍害田的复合高效生态工程；⑤调整丘岗地利用结构与重建山区植被是减灾的治本措施。量大、面广的水土流失发生在丘陵坡地     

Evaluation of a responsible beverage service and enforcement program: Effects on bar patron intoxication and potential impaired driving by young adults

Objective: Studies of alcohol-related harm (violence, injury, illness) suggest that the most significant risk factors are the amount of alcohol consumed and whether obviously intoxicated patrons continue to be served. This study's objective was to investigate the effects of a responsible beverage service (RBS)/enhanced alcohol enforcement intervention on bars, bar patrons, and impaired driving.

Method: Two communities—Monroe County, New York, and Cleveland, Ohio—participated in a demonstration program and evaluation. The intervention applied RBS training, targeted enforcement, and corrective actions by law enforcement to a random sample of 10 identified problem bars in each community compared to 10 matched nonintervention problem bars. Data were collected over 3 waves on bar serving practices, bar patron intoxication, drinking and driving, and other alcohol-related harm from intervention and control bars and treatment and comparison communities.

Results: In Monroe County, New York, of the 14 outcome measures analyzed, 7 measures showed statistically significant differences from pre- to postintervention. Six of those measures indicated changes in the desired or positive direction and 2 measures were in the undesired or negative direction. Of note in the positive direction, the percentage of intervention bar patrons who were intoxicated decreased from 44 to 27% and the average blood alcohol concentration of patrons decreased from 0.097 to 0.059 g/dL pre- to postintervention. In Cleveland, Ohio, 6 of the 14 measures showed statistically significant changes pre- to postintervention with 6 in the positive direction and 4 in the negative direction. Of note, the percentage of pseudo-intoxicated patrons denied service in intervention bars increased from 6 to 29%.

Conclusions: Of the 14 outcome measures that were analyzed in each community, most indicated positive changes associated with the intervention, but others showed negative associations. About half of the measures showed no significance, the sample sizes were too small, or the data were unavailable. Therefore, at best, the results of these demonstration programs were mixed. There were, however, some positive indications from the intervention. It appears that when bar managers and owners are aware of the program and its enforcement and when servers are properly trained in RBS, fewer patrons may become intoxicated and greater efforts may be made to deny service to obviously intoxicated patrons. Given that about half of arrested impaired drivers had their last drink at a licensed establishment, widespread implementation of this strategy has the potential to help reduce impaired driving.     

Streamflow Forecasting Using Singular Value Decomposition and Support Vector Machine for the Upper Rio Grande River Basin

The current study improves streamflow forecast lead‐time by coupling climate information in a data‐driven modeling framework. The spatial–temporal correlation between streamflow and oceanic–atmospheric variability represented by sea surface temperature (SST), 500‐mbar geopotential height (Z₅₀₀), 500‐mbar specific humidity (SH₅₀₀), and 500‐mbar east–west wind (U₅₀₀) of the Pacific and the Atlantic Ocean is obtained through singular value decomposition (SVD). SVD significant regions are weighted using a nonparametric method and utilized as input in a support vector machine (SVM) framework. The Upper Rio Grande River Basin (URGRB) is selected to test the applicability of the proposed model for the period of 1965–2014. The April–August streamflow volume is forecasted using previous year climate variability, creating a lagged relationship of 1–13 months. SVD results showed the streamflow variability was better explained by SST and U₅₀₀ as compared to Z₅₀₀ and SH₅₀₀. The SVM model showed satisfactory forecasting ability with best results achieved using a one‐month lead to forecast the following four‐month period. Overall, the SVM results showed excellent predictive ability with average correlation coefficient of 0.89 and Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency of 0.79. This study contributes toward identifying new SVD significant regions and improving streamflow forecast lead‐time of the URGRB.     

北京市生态涵养区生态服务价值评估与生态补偿机制探讨

在分析北京市生态涵养区在生态补偿制度建设困境的基础上,本文将国内外区域生态系统价值评估模型相结合,运用修正的生态服务价值评估模型,对北京市生态涵养区2016年的生态服务价值进行了估算,并分析了2009-2016年生态服务价值的变动及其影响因素,从科学评估生态服务价值、完善生态补偿标准方法的制定、健全生态保护补偿制度、将绿色GDP纳入生态涵养区绩效考核指标评价体系几个方面探讨了完善生态补偿机制的政策措施。一方面更加直观地揭示了生态涵养区生态服务的重要经济价值,另一方面为建立更加科学的生态补偿机制提供了可参考的依据。     

退耕还林还草工程对生态系统碳储存服务的影响——以黄土高原丘陵沟壑区子长县为例

陆地生态系统碳储量是表征生态系统碳储存服务的重要指标,与土地利用变化之间存在着密切的关系。退耕还林还草工程使区域土地利用格局发生巨大变化,并对生态系统碳储存服务造成了较大的影响。为了能简单快速的评估退耕还林还草工程对陆地生态系统碳储存服务所带来的影响,以位于黄土高原丘陵沟壑区的子长县为例,运用InVEST模型评估了退耕还林还草工程对陆地生态系统碳储量的影响,进一步耦合InVEST模型和FLUS模型,并设置四种不同的退耕还林还草实施情景,预测子长县2037年陆地生态系统碳储量变化和碳汇产生的经济价值。研究发现：（1）子长县退耕还林还草工程实施效果显著,17年间共有31627.98 hm²耕地退耕为林地和草地,境内的林草覆盖率由2000年的53.26%增长至2017年的64.20%;（2）退耕还林还草工程的实施显著提升了子长县陆地生态系统碳储存服务,碳储量由2000年的39.19×10⁶ t增长至2017年42.34×10⁶ t,增加量集中在工程实施主要阶段（2000—2008年）;（3）未来子长县若继续实施退耕还林还草工程,其生态系统碳储存服务会得到进一步提升,且会获得一定的碳汇经济价值。预计到2037年子长县在退耕还林还草工程实施A、B、C、D四种情景下的陆地生态系统碳储量将分别达到：43.78×10⁶ t、44.10×10⁶ t、44.32×10⁶ t和44.54×10⁶ t,并将由此获得碳汇经济价值净收益分别为1627.88万美元、1979.89万美元、2231.39万美元和2471.67万美元。耦合InVEST-FLUS模型,不但能利用InVEST模型简单快速的对陆地生态系统碳储量进行评估,而且还能基于FLUS模型对未来土地利用变化情景下的陆地生态系统碳储量和碳汇经济价值做出测算。     

西北地区县域生态系统服务的供需匹配——以甘肃古浪县为例

作为人类福利的源泉,生态系统服务的供需特征及匹配状况反映了区域生态与环境资源的空间配置,分析其供需匹配关系是评价与优化生态系统服务管理、促进生态系统服务供需平衡的重要前提。以西北地区河西走廊东端的古浪县为例,利用气象观测、土地利用、统计年鉴等多源数据,基于InVEST模型、ArcGIS等方法,分析古浪县2017年的产水、碳固持、食物供给和土壤保持四项生态系统服务的供需及其匹配状况。结果表明：（1）古浪县产水、碳固持、食物供给和土壤保持服务供给与需求的总量均表现出供大于求的状态,其供求总量差值依次为：12.45×10⁸ m³、21.55×10⁷ t、3.8×10⁷ t、1.28×10⁷ t,且不同类型的生态系统服务供给与需求存在明显差异。（2）古浪县各项生态系统服务供需匹配类型可划分为高供给高需求、低供给高需求、低供给低需求、高供给低需求,不同区域与不同生态系统服务间的匹配模式存在明显的空间异质性。（3）古浪县生态系统服务供需匹配表现出南中北空间差异性,且呈现集中连片的态势,说明匹配类型相同的乡镇存在“相邻相似”的特征。基于对生态系统服务的供给、需求及匹配状况的分析,进一步提出了不同匹配类型下生态经济发展、城镇化建设、生态可持续化管理、国土空间规划等方面的优化对策。     

毒死蜱在我国水稻上登记现状及水生态风险评估

对中国目前在水稻上登记的所有毒死蜱单剂进行梳理统计,利用Top-Rice模型对不同剂型毒死蜱产品及其代谢物进行水生态风险评估.结果显示,截止2019年5月,我国在水稻上所登记的毒死蜱单剂共292种,分为6种剂型.乳油占比最大,为82.5%,其次为水乳剂,占12.0%,可湿性粉剂、微乳剂、微囊悬浮剂、颗粒剂分别占0.3%、4.1%、0.7%、0.3%.基于风险评估保守性原则,归纳出适用模型分析的不同剂型毒死蜱产品的施用方法模式,对其在水稻田使用进行暴露分析.结果显示6种不同剂型毒死蜱在不同场景、不同季节的水稻上施用后,其母体预测环境浓度（PEC）范围0.7~1628.6μg/L,其代谢物的PEC范围为0.7~1705.9μg/L.风险表征结果显示,在现有登记施用条件下,对初级急性风险而言,毒死蜱产品对鱼类、无脊椎动物风险组（RQ > 1）分别占总模拟组的76.0%、90.6%;对于初级慢性风险而言,毒死蜱对初级生产者的风险组占总模拟组的72.9%,而高级分析评估结果显示毒死蜱产品对鱼类、无脊椎动物及水生中宇宙组RQ值均大于1,对水生生态系统存在风险.综合以上结果,目前在我国水稻上登记的毒死蜱产品使用后对水生生态系统的风险不容忽视.需注意的是,为综合分析所有登记毒死蜱产品剂型的可能风险,本研究针对其施药方法模式的分析偏保守,且所用模型未考虑到毒死蜱在土壤表面光解等影响因素,使得评价结果具有一定保守性.     

水生植物对淡水生态系统温室气体排放的影响研究进展

淡水生态系统温室气体(CO_2、CH_4、N_2O)排放是全球气候变化背景下的研究热点。水生植物作为淡水生态系统重要的组成部分,对水体生源要素的生物地球化学循环过程具有重要影响,进而影响水体温室气体产生与排放。本研究基于目前水生植物与水体温室气体排放关系的研究,探讨了水生植物对淡水生态系统温室气体排放动力学过程的影响,提出水生植物分布区可能是温室气体排放热点;水生植物种类、生活型的多样性增加了水体温室气体排放的变异性和不确定性,对监测和估算方法的准确性产生一定影响;进一步总结了水生植物对淡水生态系统温室气体排放的影响机制:1)机械作用,包括气体传输通道作用和浮叶植物的滞留作用; 2)水生植物光合/呼吸作用参与水体碳循环,同时水生植物凋落物分解为水体代谢提供新鲜碳、氮源,提高温室气体产生速率; 3)改变根际厌氧环境,影响根际CH_4和N_2O产生与排放; 4)水生植物群落改变水体生态因子分配格局,影响水体异养代谢等。基于当前研究现状,本文提出要进一步开展不同尺度或不同生境条件下水生植物种类、生活型和生长代谢等对水体温室气体排放动力学的影响研究,并从水生植物群落尺度构建温室气体排放动力学模型,优化监测方法与估算模型,为推进我国淡水生态系统温室气体排放研究提供理论基础。