不同类型DOM对三峡库区消落带土壤汞甲基化的影响

三峡水库特殊的调度方式导致了消落带的形成,在落干期,消落带上会生长大量以狗牙根为主的植物.在淹没期,狗牙根会发生腐解并释放出溶解性有机质(Dissolved Organic Matter,DOM),消落带作为汞的敏感区,狗牙根释放的DOM对汞甲基化的影响值得关注.为此,本文以狗牙根提取液中的DOM(记为DOM_g)为研究对象,同时选取猪粪中的DOM(记为DOM_z)作为比较,利用室内模拟实验,研究这两种不同类型的DOM对土壤汞甲基化影响的差异,并分析两种DOM的光谱特征,探讨其作用机制.结果表明,两种DOM的光谱特征存在明显的差异,DOM_z的有色可溶解性有机物(Chromophpric Dissolved Organic Matter,CDOM)浓度、芳香性及疏水性组分都高于DOM_g.同时,两种DOM均以类蛋白组分为主,但DOM_z的生物可利用性高于DOM_g.并且这两种DOM均能促进土壤的汞甲基化,且在培养后期促进效果更加显著.但两种DOM的促进效果存在差异,DOM_z的促进效果优于DOM_g.     

三峡库区消落带典型草本植物淹水浸泡后可溶性有机碳的释放特征

三峡库区消落带出露时草本植被生长旺盛,每年9月底蓄水后植物被淹没并开始腐解,导致有机体分解释放大量可溶性有机碳(DOC),可能对水质产生负面影响.研究选取三峡库区消落带典型草本植物,通过室内模拟浸泡实验,测定上覆水中DOC浓度变化过程,计算其释放速率与通量,旨在查明消落带草本植物淹水后DOC的释放特征,为库区植被修复与管理提供基础数据.结果表明,几种典型草本植物浸泡后上覆水的DOC浓度变化反映出草本植物淹水后DOC释放呈先增后减,后期趋于平稳的变化过程,在15 d左右达到峰值,表明消落带草本植物淹水浸泡后DOC随植物腐解快速释放,随后释放基本稳定,几种典型草本植物的DOC释放过程符合动力学过程.草本植物浸泡后DOC的释放浓度(最大为苦蒿的486.88 mg·L-1±35.97 mg·L-1,最小为稗子的4.18 mg·L-1±1.07 mg·L-1)、释放量(最大为苦蒿的50.54 mg·g-1,最小为水蓼的6.51mg·g-1)存在显著差异,主要受植物基质的影响,特别是植物基质的C/N值.实验浸泡植物的DOC释放量与相应草本植物基质的C/N值呈显著线性关系.     

Incentives and regulations to reconcile conservation and development: thirty years of governance of the Sami pastoral ecosystem in Finnmark, Norway

Incentive-based mechanisms are regarded as efficient instruments to reconcile conservation and development. This win-win objective has been difficult to accomplish; cross-compliance has, therefore, been suggested as a mechanism to ensure sustainability. Cross-compliance, which requires producers to conform to production regulations and environmental standards to qualify for direct payments, has been a popular instrument in the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) reform. Since 1990, cross-compliance has been the main characteristic of policy design in Sami reindeer husbandry in Finnmark, Norway. All direct transfers to the Sami pastoralists have been connected to harvesting demands to decrease the number of reindeer and to conserve pastures. The content of these incentive-based mechanisms are decided through negotiated agreements with the Sami Reindeer Herders' Association of Norway (NRL), and the regulation of reindeer numbers and access to pastures are delegated to co-management boards. Despite the participation of the Sami pastoralists in shaping these policies, win-win objectives have not been achieved. Although the cross-compliance program could have been improved by payment for graded results, the lack of regulations by the administration or co-management boards is more likely to be the cause of failure to reach sustainability. Despite the long-term failures of the cross-compliance program, policies have been slow to change. We might attribute this delay to the NRL's strong position in the negotiated agreements. In general, we argue that the success of the cross-compliance program depends on a well-functioning governance system that can implement regulations and sanctions if incentives do not work as intended.     

Urban reconciliation ecology: the potential of living roofs and walls

Reconciling human and non-human use of urban regions to support biological conservation represents a major challenge for the 21st century. The concept of reconciliation ecology, by which the anthropogenic environment may be modified to encourage non-human use and biodiversity preservation without compromising societal utilization, potentially represents an appropriate paradigm for urban conservation given the generally poor opportunities that exist for reserve establishment and ecological restoration in urban areas. Two habitat improvement techniques with great potential for reconciliation ecology in urban areas are the installation of living roofs and walls, which have been shown to support a range of taxa at local scales. This paper evaluates the reconciliation potential of living roofs and walls, in particular highlighting both ecological and societal limitations that need to be overcome for application at the landscape scale. We further consider that successful utilization of living roofs and walls for urban reconciliation ecology will rely heavily on the participation of urban citizens, and that a 'citizen science' model is needed to facilitate public participation and support and to create an evidence base to determine their effectiveness. Living roofs and walls are just one aspect of urban reconciliation ecology, but are particularly important 'bottom-up' techniques for improving urban biodiversity that can be performed directly by the citizenry.     

黄岛石化区消防安全初评估

黄岛石化区是一个集油品储运、原油炼制、芳烃加工为一体的大型石油化工基地。目前,区域内拥有原油炼制能力达到1000多万吨,危险化学品存储能力接近1000万吨,危化品码头吞吐能力接近6000万吨,并且危化品项目的规模还在不断扩大中。鉴于危化品项目的危险性较高,石化区域的消防安全就成了企业生产安全的重要保障,而消防安全是否有保证则与区域内企业的生产存储装置的危险程度、安全设施配置、消防设施的配置以及消防队伍和车辆的配置等有直接的关系。笔者通过对区域内上述各方面信息的详细了解,并在参阅了大量技术文献资料的基础上,分别以生产装置火灾和存储装置火灾为对象进行了消防安全的初步评估,同时对区域内消防方面存在的问题提出改进建议。     

Cosmic exergy based ecological assessment for a wetland in Beijing

Wetlands research and restoration has become one of the critical concern due to their importance in providing ecosystem services. This study proposes a holistic methodology to assess the wetland ecosystem based on cosmic exergy as a thermodynamic orientor. This new approach is applied to two typical wastewater treatment facilities (an activated sludge system and a cyclic activated sludge system) and to a constructed wetland ecosystem in Beijing for comparison. Results show that the Beijing wetland ecosystem gains positive net present ecological value of 3.08E+14 J_c regarding its total life cycle. Comparison with the activated sludge system and cyclic activated sludge system, shows that the wetland ecosystem has greater dependencies on local resources (22% vs. 0% vs. 0%) and renewable resources (67% vs. 38% vs. 31%) as well as a larger ecological sustainability index (0.64157 vs. 0.00005 vs. 0.00008). This implies that the wetland ecosystem is more environmentally friendly and sustainable method for water treatment.     

昆明市东川区农业旱灾风险区识别研究

昆明市东川区是云南省农业旱灾危害较为严重的区域之一。利用2000-2007年东川区各乡镇历史灾情等数据资料,应用风险分析理论、效用理论、因子-成份分析方法等理论方法,在分别研究致灾风险度、承灾体易损性及地域人群对农业旱灾心理反响等基础上,构建了东川区农业旱灾风险评价模型。初步揭示出东川区农业旱灾风险度呈现出自南向北、自西向东逐渐增强的空间态势;识别出极高风险区、高风险区、中风险区和低风险区等4个农业旱灾风险区;发现东川区各地农业旱灾综合风险度、致灾风险度、承灾体易损度以及地域人群对旱灾的心理响应值等指数之间普遍存在着明显的正相关。     

基于变分法对边坡最不利滑裂面的分析

为了合理地确定边坡的最不利滑裂面、探讨坡顶开裂原因及出现滑坡险情时的应急措施,将变分方法用于边坡稳定性分析。通过建立一个与边坡稳定相关的泛函,根据边界条件选取适当的基函数,获得了边坡最不利滑裂面。基于所得最不利滑裂面,得到垂直边坡和普通边坡最不利滑裂面的分布随土体内摩擦角和内聚力的变化趋势,为垂直边坡和普通边坡采取正确的应急措施、提高边坡的稳定性提供了理论依据;根据泛函T沿最不利滑裂面的变化将边坡划分为主动滑动区和被动滑动区。比较分析得出:变分方法和Bishop条分法所获得的安全系数比较接近,且变分方法获得的安全系数略小。     

基于模糊综合评价法的乐清湾湿地生态安全评价

基于湿地生态安全的相关理论,以2007年的Landsat TM遥感影像为基础,结合实地调查数据,采用模糊综合评价法和熵值赋权法,从结构功能、可持续利用能力和动态变化3方面着手,构建了湿地生态安全评价指标体系,探讨了一种定性与定量相结合的湿地生态安全评价方法,并对温州乐清湾湿地进行了评价。结果表明乐清湾湿地生态系统在整体上属于亚健康状态,分析其原因,主要表现在人口增长快、大面积围垦湿地、地质灾害频发及环境污染等方面。该项研究可为湿地资源的开发规划与管理提供参考。     

Evaluating weather effects on interannual variation in net ecosystem productivity of a coastal temperate forest landscape: A model intercomparison

Forest productivity is strongly affected by seasonal weather patterns and by natural or anthropogenic disturbances. However weather effects on forest productivity are not currently represented in inventory-based models such as CBM-CFS3 used in national forest C accounting programs. To evaluate different approaches to modelling these effects, a model intercomparison was conducted among CBM-CFS3 and four process models (ecosys, CN-CLASS, Can-IBIS and 3PG) over a 2500 ha landscape in the Oyster River (OR) area of British Columbia, Canada. The process models used local weather data to simulate net primary productivity (NPP), net ecosystem productivity (NEP) and net biome productivity (NBP) from 1920 to 2005. Other inputs used by the process and inventory models were generated from soil, land cover and disturbance records. During a period of intense disturbance from 1928 to 1943, simulated NBP diverged considerably among the models. This divergence was attributed to differences among models in the sizes of detrital and humus C stocks in different soil layers to which a uniform set of soil C transformation coefficients was applied during disturbances. After the disturbance period, divergence in modelled NBP among models was much smaller, and attributed mainly to differences in simulated NPP caused by different approaches to modelling weather effects on productivity. In spite of these differences, age-detrended variation in annual NPP and NEP of closed canopy forest stands was negatively correlated with mean daily maximum air temperature during July-September (T_amax) in all process models (R² = 0.4-0.6), indicating that these correlations were robust. The negative correlation between T_amax and NEP was attributed to different processes in different models, which were tested by comparing CO₂ fluxes from these models with those measured by eddy covariance (EC) under contrasting air temperatures (T_a). The general agreement in sensitivity of annual NPP to T_amax among the process models led to the development of a generalized algorithm for weather effects on NPP of coastal temperate coniferous forests for use in inventory-based models such as CBM-CFS3: NPP′ = NPP − 57.1 (T_amax − 18.6), where NPP and NPP′ are the current and temperature-adjusted annual NPP estimates from the inventory-based model, 18.6 is the long-term mean daily maximum air temperature during July-September, and T_amax is the mean value for the current year. Our analysis indicated that the sensitivity of NPP to T_amax was nonlinear, so that this algorithm should not be extrapolated beyond the conditions of this study. However the process-based methodology to estimate weather effects on NPP and NEP developed in this study is widely applicable to other forest types and may be adopted for other inventory based forest carbon cycle models.