化学品生态毒性测试鱼类模式生物的应用与展望

水生生物毒性测试广泛应用于评估化学品的水生态环境安全,而鱼类生态毒性数据为水生生态风险评估与风险管理提供基础。本文总结了现有的鱼类水生毒性测试标准及常用的物种。阐述了常用水生鱼类模式生物,如斑马鱼Danio rerio、青鳉鱼Oryzias latipes、黑头软口鲦Pimephales promelas等作为模式鱼类的特征及在生态毒性测试中的应用。环保部7号令推荐稀有鮈鲫Gobiocypris rarus作为中国本土生物在水生毒性测试中使用。目前公开发表的利用稀有鮈鲫的水生毒性研究多集中在急性毒性方面,对其他类型的研究如法规毒理相关的长期慢性毒性有待开展。     

污染土壤生物修复中存在问题的探讨

污染物生物修复过程中存在着若干问题,其中包括引入外源微生物的条件与原则,生物修复过程中微生物的适应性机制与影响因素研究;污染物的浓度与生物修复之间的关系;有机污染物降解过程中的次生污染物问题;生物修复的现场放大技术;污染物的淋溶过程;对生物修复技术的生态毒理诊断与评价等.本文旨在提高对生物修复过程中存在的重要科学问题的认识,使生物修复技术的有效利用成为可能.     

Trace metal pollution in aquatic sediments and some fish species from the Kwilu-Ngongo River,Democratic Republic of Congo (Bas-Congo)

In this study, the concentrations of some metals in sediments and consumable fish from the Kwilu Ngongo River, province of Bas-Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, are investigated. The digested muscle tissue, whole fish, and river sediment samples were subjected to trace element analysis by inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy and by using an automatic mercury analyzer. The highest values of trace metals in fish muscle tissue were found for Cr, Cu, Pb and Hg, with maximum values of 8.6 (Cr), 15.7 (Cu), 6.0 (Pb) and 3.3 (Hg) mg kg^?1. These values are higher than maximum tolerable limits recommended by the European Commission Regulation for Food. The highest metal concentrations in sediments were 81 (Cr), 86 (Cu), 21 (Sb), 41 (Pb), and 0.8 (Hg) mg kg^?1. Sediment toxicity tests using benthic crustaceans (ostracods) revealed mortality rates of up to 30% after six days of exposure to the sediments near the sugarcane industry outlet pipe discharge. The contamination of the sediments and fishes by the elements and the bio-accumulation of mercury in fish most likely arise from the adjacent agricultural fields where intensive sugarcane cultivation since 1925 has probably contaminated the soils through the long-term use of fertilizers and pesticides.     

In-Situ Phytoremediation of Pahs Contaminated Soils Following a Bioremediation Treatment

Phytoremediation of pollutants in soils is an emerging technology, using different soil-plant interaction properties. For organic pollutants, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), phytodegradation seems to be the most promising approach. It occurs mostly through an increase of the microbial activity in the plant rhizosphere, allowing the degradation of organic substances, a source of carbon for soil microbes. Despite a large amount of available data in the literature concerning laboratory and short term PAH phytodegradation experiments, no actual field application of such technique was previously carried out. In the present study, a soil from a former coking plant was used to evaluate the feasibility and the efficiency of PAH phytodegradation in the field during a three years trial and following a bioremediation treatment. Before the phytoremediation treatment, the soil was homogenized and split into six independent plots with no hydrological connections. On four of these plots, different types of common plant species were sowed: mixture of herbaceous species, short cut (P1), long cut (P2), ornamental plants (P3) and trees (P4). Natural vegetation was allowed to grow on the fifth plot (P5), and the last plot was weeded (P6). Each year, representative sampling of two soil horizons (0–50 and 50–100 cm) was carried out in each plot to characterize the evolution of PAHs concentration in soils and in soils solution obtained by lixiviation. Possible impact of the phytoremediation technique on ecosystems was evaluated using different eco- and genotoxicity tests both on the soil solid matrix and on the soil solution. For each soil horizon, comparable decrease of soil total PAHs concentrations were obtained for three plots, reaching a maximum value of 26% of the initial PAHs concentration. The decrease mostly concerned the 3 rings PAHs. The overall low decrease in PAHs content was linked to a drastic decrease in PAHs availability likely due to the bioremediation treatment. However, soil solutions concentration showed low values and no signficant toxicity was characterized. The mixture of the herbaceous species seemed to be the most promising plants to be used in such procedure.     

抗癌药卡培他滨对四膜虫的生态毒性研究

水环境抗癌药残留的生态毒性效应是当前环境领域研究热点。本文以四膜虫为模式生物,研究了抗癌药卡培他滨(CAP)对四膜虫的毒性作用。结果表明,0.25-16μMCAP对四膜虫的生长抑制无显著影响。CAP对罗丹明B在四膜虫体内积累的试验结果显示CAP对四膜虫的多药耐药性(MDR)的影响亦不显著。研究结果提示,要进一步探索敏感物种和敏感分子指标,同时考虑CAP代谢产物的生态毒性,为科学认识和评价抗癌药生态风险积累基础数据。     

Life cycle toxicity assessment of pesticides used in integrated and organic production of oranges in the Comunidad Valenciana, Spain

The relative impacts of 25 pesticides including acaricides, fungicides, herbicides, insecticides, and post-harvest fungicides, used in the production of oranges in Spain were assessed with current life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) tools. Chemical specific concentrations were combined with pesticide emission data and information on chemical toxicity to assess human toxicity and freshwater ecotoxicity impacts. As a case study, the relative impacts of two orange production systems in the region of Valencia, integrated pest management (IP) and organic production (OP), were assessed. The evaluation of active ingredients showed that on average acaricides have the highest human toxicity impact scores, while for freshwater ecotoxicity insecticides show the highest impact. In both impact categories the lowest impact scores were calculated for herbicides. In the production of 1 kg of orange fruits, where several kinds of pesticides are combined, results show that post-harvest fungicides can contribute more than 95% to the aggregate human toxicity impacts. More than 85% of aquatic ecotoxicity is generated by fungicides applied before harvest. The potential to reduce impacts on freshwater ecosystems is seven orders of magnitude, while impacts on human health can be reduced by two orders of magnitude. Hence, this stresses the importance of a careful pre-selection of active ingredients. In both impact categories, organic production represents the least toxic pest-control method.     

PBS基共聚物及其模拟降解产物对赤子爱胜蚓急性生态毒性的研究

采用滤纸接触法和自然土壤法,通过急性毒性实验分别研究了20℃时不同分子量PBS（聚丁二酸丁二醇酯poly（butylene succinate））基聚合物及其模拟降解产物二元酸、二元醇对赤子爱胜蚓（Eisenia foetida）的存活和生长的影响。研究结果表明：48 h内二元酸、二元醇质量浓度在低于3 400 mg.L-1时对蚯蚓的存活没有影响,滤纸接触法测得丁二酸、己二酸、1,4-丁二醇、1,6-己二醇对蚯蚓的LC50分别为：3 523、3 402、74 907、18 160 mg.L-1;在自然土壤实验中,相比空白实验,蚯蚓在含有不同分子量、不同质量分数的PBS及PBS-co-HS、PBS-co-BA土壤中经过14 d的培养,体质量明显增加,且所有的蚯蚓没有任何病状或伤口出现。以上结果表明PBS基聚合物对该物种是安全的。     

三氯生对水生生物的毒性效应研究进展

三氯生(TCS)作为一种广谱抗菌剂,在个人护理品中的广泛应用,将使其不可避免地释放到水环境中.随着在河流、湖泊、河口系统等水环境以及水生生物体内检测到TCS,TCS对于水生生物的生态毒理效应引起了学者们的广泛关注.本文概述了TCS在水环境及水生生物体内的赋存状况,归纳总结了TCS对水生生物的急性毒性、亚急性毒性、酶及基因毒性、内分泌干扰性及其降解产物毒性,最后展望了TCS对水生生物的生态毒理效应这一研究领域的发展方向.     

腐殖酸(HA)作用下纳米氧化锌对鲫鱼的毒性效应

通过静态模拟实验,研究不同浓度(0、1、1.5、2.5 mg L-1)腐殖酸(Humic acid,HA)对纳米ZnO(5 mg L–1)毒性效应的影响.将鲫鱼暴露于HA与纳米ZnO混合体系中7 d后,分析Zn在鲫鱼体内的富集分布,及对鲫鱼脑部和肝脏自由基含量、抗氧化系统等的影响.结果显示:随HA浓度的增加,鲫鱼鳃部和肌肉中Zn的含量增高,眼、脑和肝部Zn含量则随之下降.纳米ZnO诱导鲫鱼肝脏和脑产生羟基自由基,HA浓度增大诱导鲫鱼肝脏和脑中SOD活性升高,MDA、GSH含量增加.纳米ZnO胁迫导致鲫鱼肝脏和脑氧化损伤,HA的浓度增加会促进纳米ZnO对鲫鱼肝脏和脑部的氧化损伤.研究表明HA改变了纳米ZnO在环境中的生物效应,因此在关注纳米材料的水生态安全时,不能忽视环境因子的影响.     

镉在北京褐潮土中对玉米幼苗及其根际微生物的毒性效应

通过温室盆栽实验,研究了镉在北京褐潮土中对玉米(品种郑单958)幼苗的毒性效应及其生物富集特性,并通过聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳(PCR-DGGE)技术,探讨了镉对玉米根际微生物群落结构的影响。结果表明,高浓度(>100mg·kg-1)镉对玉米幼苗的生长发育有明显的抑制作用,北京褐潮土中镉引起玉米幼苗株高下降1/2的效应浓度(EC50)为654.6mg·kg-1,引起玉米根部和地上部干质量下降1/2的EC50分别为323.6和110.2mg·kg-1,玉米幼苗地上部生物量(干质量)可作为评价重金属生态毒性的适宜终点。玉米幼苗对镉有一定的吸收累积效应,镉在玉米幼苗各组织中的浓度分布为根>茎>叶,其中根部对镉有一定的富集作用(生物富集系数BAF>1)。镉污染可引起玉米根际微生物群落结构发生改变,高浓度(1000mg·kg-1)镉可导致部分微生物种群数量减少甚至完全消失,表明镉污染可对植物幼苗、植物根际微生物以及植物-微生物之间的相互作用造成重要的干扰和威胁。