铝和锰对外生菌根真菌生长、养分吸收及分泌作用的影响

在强酸性土壤和铝锰矿墟上,铝和锰是影响森林生长和植被恢复的主要限制因子,研究它们对外生菌根真菌的影响,筛选优良的抗性菌株,可为开展污染土壤生物修复提供技术支撑及理论依据.试验采用纯培养技术研究了Al3+、Mn2+单独或共存对褐环乳牛肝菌13(Suillus luteus 13,Sl 13)、土生空团菌04(Cenococcum geophilum 04,Cg 04)、彩色豆马勃715(Pisolithustinctorius 715,Pt 715)这3株外生菌根真菌生长、养分吸收、有机酸分泌的影响.结果表明,Mn2+使Sl 13、Cg 04、Pt 715的生物量分别降低了70.35%、52.44%和18.55%;Al3+使Sl 13的生物量下降50.74%,但增加Cg 04的生物量;Al3+和Mn2+共存对3种菌株生长均有协同抑制作用,但对Pt 715的抑制最小,表明Cg 04抗铝,Pt 715对铝、锰的单独污染和复合污染均有较强的抗性.Al3+和Mn2+抑制外生菌根真菌吸收养分,对Sl 13的抑制作用显著大于Pt 715和Cg 04;但提高3个菌株的草酸和H+分泌速率,增加其分泌量,两者共存对Cg 04草酸分泌速率具有协同促进效应,Pt 715不仅能分泌草酸而且还分泌丁二酸.因此,抗性强的外生菌根真菌可通过分泌较多的有机酸络合Al3+和Mn2+而缓解其毒害.     

4株外生菌根真菌对Al3+吸收与吸附的研究

本研究采用液体培养方法,分析了4株源自不同生境的外生菌根真菌[Pisolithus tinctorius(Pt 715)、Suillus luteus(Sl 08和Sl 14)、Gyroporus cyanescens(Gc 99)]细胞对铝的吸收与吸附,旨在探讨外生菌根真菌抗铝的机制,为减轻树木铝害、指导抗(耐)铝菌株的筛选和保持森林健康奠定理论基础.结果表明,Al3+对菌株Pt 715和Sl 08生长的影响不明显,但是可明显抑制Sl 14和Gc 99的生长;各供试菌株铝的吸附和吸收量均随培养液中Al3+浓度的升高而增加,可见环境中Al3+浓度是影响菌根真菌铝吸收量的关键因素;耐铝菌株(Pt 715和Sl 08)吸收的总铝及单位菌丝吸收的铝量较铝敏感菌株(Gc 99和Sl14)少,这可能是其对铝不敏感的原因之一.此外,增加对氮、磷、钾等营养元素的吸收亦可能是外生菌根真菌缓解铝毒的重要途径.     

铜镉胁迫对2种菌根真菌生长和细胞壁离子交换量的影响

在离体培养条件下,研究了铜镉胁迫对2种外生菌根真菌美味牛肝菌(Boletus edulis)和铆钉菇(Gomphidius viscidus)生长状况,培养环境pH值和细胞壁离子交换量的影响.结果表明,以对照相比,铜镉处理抑制了菌根真菌的生物量积累.通过半致死浓度评价2种菌根真菌耐受性发现,铆钉菇的Cu耐受性强于美味牛肝菌,而Cd耐受性弱于美味牛肝菌.菌根真菌培养后,基质pH降低与真菌生物量有关.铜镉处理下菌根真菌单位生物量下降的pH单位大于对照,说明菌根真菌在重金属胁迫下能通过调节自身pH环境缓解压力.铆钉菇的离子交换量在780～1 800μmol·g^-1之间,并随重金属处理浓度的增加而增加;美味牛肝菌的离子交换量在500～750μmol·g^-1之间,并随重金属处理浓度的增加而减少.     

Influences of excessive Cu on photosynthesis and growth in ectomycorrhizal Pinus sylvestris seedlings

Growth and photosynthesis responses were measured for Scots pine( Pinus sylvestris L. cv. ) inoculated with ectomycorrhizal fungi ( Suillus bovinus ) under 6.5 and 25 mg/L Cu treatments to evaluate ectomycorrhizal seedlings‘ tolerance to heavy metal stress. Results showed that excessive Cu can significantly impair the growth and photosynthesis of pine seedlings, but such impairment is much smaller to the ectomycorrhizal seedlings. Under 25mg/L Cu treatment, the dry weight of ectomycorrhizal seedlings is 25% lower than the control in contrary to 53% of the non-mycorrhizal seedlings, and the fresh weight of ectomycorrhizal roots was significantly higher than those of non-mycorrhizal roots, about 25% and 42% higher at 6.5 and 25 mg/L Cu treatments respectively. Furthermore,ectomycorrhizal fungi induced remarkable difference in the growth rate and pigment content of seedlings under excessive Cu stress. At 2.5 mg/L Cu, the contents of total chlorophyll, chlorophyll-a and chlorophyll-b were 30% higher in ectomycorrhizal plants than those in non-mycorrhizal plants. O2 evolution and electron transport of PSI and PSII were restrained by elevated Cu stress. However, no significant improvement was observed in reducing the physiological restraining in ectomycorrhizal seedlings over the non-mycorrhizal ones.