复杂下垫面下不透水层的CO2通量足迹分析——以上海市奉贤大学城为例

城市是重要的二氧化碳排放源,研究城市区域CO_2通量与复杂城市下垫面之间的关系有助于深入了解城市碳循环特征.本文基于城市涡动相关系统的通量数据和气象数据,结合研究区CO_2通量信息和土地覆被信息,依据ART(Agroscope Reckenholz Tanikon)Footprint Tool模型(基于Kormann Meixner(KM)模型计算足迹),探讨了城市复杂下垫面尤其是不透水层对于CO_2通量足迹的影响.结果发现,研究区CO_2通量变化范围在2015年5—8月为-6.44~4.62μmol·m-2·s-1,其中,5月和6月均出现CO_2通量最大值(4.62μmol·m-2·s-1),8月出现CO_2通量最小值,为-6.44μmol·m-2·s-1.风向是影响CO_2通量足迹的主要要素,5—8月CO_2通量足迹的范围主要在距离观测塔600 m以内,集中于东南方向,这与此期间盛行东南风有关.研究表明,不透水层的类型会影响CO_2通量的贡献率,距离观测站600 m以内的不透水层的CO_2通量贡献率最大为46.9%,最小为1.5%;其中,建筑的CO_2通量贡献率最大为70%,最小为0.08%,道路的CO_2通量贡献率最大为23.7%,最小为2.92%;不透水层的面积也会影响CO_2通量贡献率,道路的CO_2通量贡献率会随着不透水层面积的增加而增加,呈正相关关系.     

高层建筑管道井内烟气运动大涡模拟

采用火灾过程的场模拟理论,以大涡模拟为基础,分析了火灾烟气流动过程的动力学特征;为了验证大涡模拟数值方法的准确性,针对Mercier和Jaluria竖井内的实验工况进行了模拟研究,其模拟结果与试验结果吻合较好,表明大涡模拟可以较好地预测竖井内烟气流动情况;通过设定不同的火灾场景,对不同火源功率和不同几何尺寸条件下管道井内烟气的流动过程进行了数值模拟,其结果给出了不同的几何尺寸和火源功率对管道井内所形成“烟囱效应”的影响情况。笔者的模拟和研究表明:大涡模拟可较准确地预测高层建筑管道井内烟气的流动状态,对高层建筑的防火设计具有指导性作用。     

障碍物后池火与水喷淋相互作用的数值模拟

采用大涡模拟方法数值模拟了障碍物后池火与水喷淋的相互作用问题，研究目的是探讨水喷淋对障碍物后池火的控制和抑制的有效性，以及障碍物对流动特性和温度场的影响。文中采用低马赫数近似下三维可压缩滤波形式的Navier—Stokes方程和组分方程进行有限差分数值求解，燃烧过程中所产生的热释放采用携带燃烧反应热的Lagrangian粒子(热元模型)来模拟。文中数值模拟了风洞内障碍物后热源产生的热气流及其与水喷淋的相互作用，并探讨了在有无水喷淋情况下的温度场和速度场特性，以及喷水装置位置对温度场的影响。     

Carbon balance of an intensively grazed temperate pasture in two climatically contrasting years

Grazed grasslands occupy 26% of the earth's ice free land surface and are therefore an important component of the global C balance. In New Zealand, pastoral agriculture is the dominant land use and recent research has shown that soils under intensive dairy pastures have lost large amounts of carbon (∼1000 kg C ha⁻¹ y⁻¹) during the past few decades. The objective of this research was to determine the net ecosystem carbon balance (NECB) of an intensively grazed dairy pasture in New Zealand. Net ecosystem CO₂ exchange (NEE) was measured using an eddy covariance (EC) system from 1 January 2008 to 31 December 2009. Other C imports (feed) and exports (milk, methane, leaching, and harvested biomass) were calculated from farm production data and literature values. During 2008 there was a one in 100 year drought during summer/autumn, which was followed by a very wet winter. There were no prolonged periods of above or below average rainfall or soil moisture in 2009, but temperatures were consistently lower than 2008. The severe summer/autumn drought during 2008 caused a loss of CO₂ to the atmosphere, but annual NEE remained negative (a CO₂ sink, −1610 ± 500 kg C ha⁻¹), because CO₂ lost during the drought was regained during the winter and spring. The site was also a net CO₂ sink during 2009 despite the colder than usual conditions (−2290 ± 500 kg C ha⁻¹). Including C imports and exports in addition to CO₂ exchange revealed that the site was a C sink in both years, with a NECB of 590 ± 560 kg C ha⁻¹ in 2008, and 900 ± 560 kg C ha⁻¹ in 2009. The C sequestration found in this study is in agreement with most other Northern Hemisphere EC studies of grazed pastures on mineral soils, but is not consistent with the large C losses reported for soils under dairy pastures throughout New Zealand. In the current study (like many other EC studies) the influence of climatic conditions and management practices on the annual C balance was only semi-quantitatively assessed. An extended period of EC measurements combined with modelling is required to more accurately quantify the effect of different climatic conditions on the annual C balance, and the influence of different management practices needs to be quantified using specifically designed studies (such as paired EC towers), so that practices which minimise C losses and maximise C sequestration can be identified.     

涡电流分选富集线路板中有价金属研究

文章采用涡电流分选方法对废旧线路板经破碎和风选后的精矿产品、尾矿产品进行了试验研究。结果表明,涡电流分选工艺对富集线路板中有价金属有着较好的优势。涡电流分选的精矿产率与该分选设备的工作场强、分选筒的转速和入料颗粒的大小有着密切的关系。合理调节涡电流分选设备的工作参数,能获得质量较好的金属富集体。     

附属管线对隔水管涡激振动影响的数值模拟研究

涡激振动现象会引起海上钻井平台隔水管发生结构失稳和疲劳破坏。针对附属管线安装位置对隔水管的涡激振动影响开展了三维数值模拟,采用CFD大涡模拟计算方法,对不同来流角度α、直径比d/D和间距比G/D情况进行数值模拟,得到隔水管所受的升力和阻力变化情况并对其进行频谱分析。模拟结果表明:隔水管所受的升力和阻力对来流角度的变化很敏感,阻力系数CD和升力系数均方根CrmsL随来流角α的增大而减小,并在α值为30~45°范围内降至最低;用来表征隔水管后方漩涡脱落频率的St数随α的增大略有增大,但总体稳定保持在较低值范围。根据模拟结果,附属管线在直径比d/D值应在0.2~0.3范围内,间距比G/D值在0.3~0.4范围内的布置方式对隔水管涡激振动的抑制效果最为理想。     

A diagnostic test for autocorrelation in increment-averaged data with application to soil sampling

Motivated by the problem of detecting spatial autocorrelation in increment- averaged data from soil core samples, we use the Cholesky decomposition of the inverse of an autocovariance matrix to derive a parametric linear regression model for autocovariances. In the absence of autocorrelation, the off-diagonal terms in the lower triangular matrix from the Cholesky decomposition should be identically zero, and so the regression coefficients should be identically zero. The standard F-test of this hypothesis and two bootstrapped versions of the test are evaluated as autocorrelation diagnostics via simulation. Size is assessed for a variety of heteroskedastic null hypotheses. Power is evaluated against autocorrelated alternatives, including increment-averaged Ornstein-Uhlenbeck and Matérn processes. The bootstrapped tests maintain approximately the correct size and have good power against moderately autocorrelated alternatives. The methods are applied to data from a study of carbon sequestration in agricultural soils.     

EVAPOTRANSPIRATION FROM A BULRUSH‐DOMINATED WETLAND IN THE KLAMATH BASIN,OREGON1

ABSTRACT: Growing‐season evapotranspiration and surface energy and water balances were investigated for an extensive, bulrush‐dominated wetland in the Upper Klamath National Wildlife Refuge of south‐central Oregon, a semi‐arid region with competing demands for scarce water resources. Turbulent fluxes of sensible and latent heat were measured by eddy covariance for 1.2 to 1.9 days during each of four site visits during late‐May to mid‐October 1997. Mean daytime latent heat flux and the Bowen ratio ranged from 148 to 178 W m^?2 and from 0.38 to 0.51, respectively, during late May, mid‐July, and late August site visits. By mid‐October, when the plant canopy had senesced, daytime latent heat flux and the Bowen ratio averaged 46 W m^?2 and 2.8, respectively. An hourly Penman‐Monteith (PM) model that was fitted to the surface‐flux data provided values for the surface resistance to water‐vapor diffusion that ranged from 78 s m^?1 during late August to 206 s m^?1 during mid‐October. Similarly, a Priestley‐Taylor (PT) model provided values for the PT multiplier (a) that ranged from 0.96 during late August to 0.37 during mid‐October. The PM and PT models predicted evapotranspiration totals of 560 and 480 mm, respectively, for May 28 to October 12, 1997.     

城市节假日前后碳通量特征及其与车流量关系

全球变化背景下,城市作为主要的碳源,对其碳循环的研究成为陆地生态系统碳循环的重点内容之一。以上海市奉贤区为研究对象,基于涡度相关技术,结合定点连续观测的车流量数据,分析节假日（元旦）前后CO2浓度和碳通量的变化特征,及其与车流量的关系。结果表明,CO2浓度和通量日变化呈现明显的双峰型曲线,节假日CO2浓度（385.6mg/L）平均值低于工作日（401.1 mg/L）。在本研究时段内该系统表现为碳源,尽管在白天的某些时段是碳汇,表明城市系统碳通量受自然和人为2个因素共同作用,自然因素比如该系统中的香樟、雪松等常绿植物的光合作用,人为因素由人类活动造成。基于车流量与交通流量的线性回归分析表明,机动车量碳排放对于碳通量变化产生18%的贡献。     

粉尘粒子运动扩散特性的大涡模拟研究

采用大涡模拟的方法(LES)模拟了气体运动,采用Lagrangian方法模拟了粉尘颗粒运动,针对平面尾迹流和湍流射流这2种基本流场类型对不同stokes(St)数粉尘颗粒随流场的空间分布特性进行了数值模拟．2种不同工况下的数值模拟结果均显示,小Stokes数颗粒在流场中受流体涡团的影响较大,一般分布于涡团核心区,并且小Stokes数颗粒可以和流场近似无滑移的同步发展;中等Stokes数颗粒由于受来流涡结构离心力与颗粒自身惯性力的影响大致相同,一般分布于涡核的边沿;而Stokes数远大于1的大颗粒,由于其在流场中跟随性减弱,更多的颗粒按其原有的方向运动,表现的是自身运动惯性的影响．