陆地生态系统碳水通量特征研究进展

CO₂/H₂O通量特征对于揭示微尺度生态系统的区域碳循环规律及机制具有重要意义。陆地生态系统作为全球生态系统重要组成部分,其CO₂/H₂O通量变化深刻影响着全球碳循环和水循环平衡。本文综述了碳通量、水汽通量的研究方法,归纳了各类研究方法的研究进展,评述了各类方法的优势与不足。总结了我国包括森林、草地、农田、荒漠等不同陆地生态系统碳通量和水汽通量的最新研究进展,对碳通量和水汽通量的影响环境因子进行了总结分析,最后从模拟尺度以及影响因子角度,分析了目前碳水通量研究存在的问题难点及未来发展趋势。     

Carbon exchange by establishing biofuel crops in Central Illinois

Perennial grass biofuels may contribute to long-term carbon sequestration in soils, thereby providing a broad range of environmental benefits. To quantify those benefits, the carbon balance was investigated over three perennial grass biofuel crops - miscanthus (Miscanthus × giganteus), switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) and a mixture of native prairie plants - and a row crop control (maize-maize-soy) in Central Illinois, USA, during the establishment phase of the perennial grasses (2008-2011). The eddy covariance technique was used to calculate fluxes of carbon dioxide and energy balance components, such as latent and sensible heat fluxes. Whereas maize attained the highest maximal carbon uptake rates, the perennial grasses had significantly extended growing seasons, such that their total carbon uptake rivaled that of corn in the second growing season and greatly exceeded that of soy in the third growing season. To account for the removal of carbon through harvest, net ecosystem exchange of carbon (NEE) was combined with estimates of yields, resulting in the net ecosystem carbon balance (NECB). After 2.5 years, NECB for the maize/soybean plot was positive (a source of carbon), while the grasses were a sink of carbon. Continuous measurements over the next years are required in order to confirm whether miscanthus, switchgrass and prairie can sustain a long-term sink of carbon if managed for biofuels, i.e., if harvested annually.     

城市节假日前后碳通量特征及其与车流量关系

全球变化背景下,城市作为主要的碳源,对其碳循环的研究成为陆地生态系统碳循环的重点内容之一。以上海市奉贤区为研究对象,基于涡度相关技术,结合定点连续观测的车流量数据,分析节假日（元旦）前后CO2浓度和碳通量的变化特征,及其与车流量的关系。结果表明,CO2浓度和通量日变化呈现明显的双峰型曲线,节假日CO2浓度（385.6mg/L）平均值低于工作日（401.1 mg/L）。在本研究时段内该系统表现为碳源,尽管在白天的某些时段是碳汇,表明城市系统碳通量受自然和人为2个因素共同作用,自然因素比如该系统中的香樟、雪松等常绿植物的光合作用,人为因素由人类活动造成。基于车流量与交通流量的线性回归分析表明,机动车量碳排放对于碳通量变化产生18%的贡献。     

粉尘粒子运动扩散特性的大涡模拟研究

采用大涡模拟的方法(LES)模拟了气体运动,采用Lagrangian方法模拟了粉尘颗粒运动,针对平面尾迹流和湍流射流这2种基本流场类型对不同stokes(St)数粉尘颗粒随流场的空间分布特性进行了数值模拟．2种不同工况下的数值模拟结果均显示,小Stokes数颗粒在流场中受流体涡团的影响较大,一般分布于涡团核心区,并且小Stokes数颗粒可以和流场近似无滑移的同步发展;中等Stokes数颗粒由于受来流涡结构离心力与颗粒自身惯性力的影响大致相同,一般分布于涡核的边沿;而Stokes数远大于1的大颗粒,由于其在流场中跟随性减弱,更多的颗粒按其原有的方向运动,表现的是自身运动惯性的影响．     

输气管道泄漏压力波的频谱特性模拟

为了研究输气管道泄漏压力波的频谱特性,基于大涡模拟对管道泄漏进行了非稳态分析。模拟了不同管道压力、不同泄漏孔径以及不同管道气体流速下的泄漏压力波频谱分布,探讨了不同条件对压力波频谱特性的影响。所得结论对各类管道泄漏压力波的频谱分析具有一定的借鉴作用。     

陆地生态系统CO_2与水热通量的研究进展

陆地生态系统CO2和水热通量研究,一直是全球气候变化研究的热点与难点问题。它对认识生态系统变化规律,预测全球气候变化趋势,评价生态系统的碳固定具有重要的科学意义。涡度相关法被认为是目前测定CO2、水热通量的最可靠方法。国外学者应用此方法解决了均匀下垫面假设下不同类型生态系统的CO2、水热通量的计算问题。在查阅前人研究成果的基础上,分析了陆地生态系统用涡度相关法在能量通量研究中的地位和重要性,评述了生态系统水热平衡的研究意义,总结了我国包括森林、草地、荒漠、农田等不同类型生态系统CO2、水热通量方面最新的研究进展,并对我国生态系统通量未来的研究策略及数据管理提出了建议和展望。     

基于实验与仿真的三维水下气体泄漏预测与安全评估研究

水下气体羽流特性是海底气体泄漏风险评估的重要基础。为准确预测水下气体羽流行为,基于计算流体动力学(CFD)方法,建立1种考虑气体卷吸湍流特性的三维水下气体羽流数值预测模型;采用欧拉-欧拉流体体积模型捕捉气液作用界面,以大涡模拟(LES)方式预测羽流上浮及卷吸过程中的湍流特性,从而实现对水下气体羽流行为的预测;搭建小尺度实验平台,对比仿真与实验条件下的气体羽流形态,验证数值模型的可行性及预测精度;应用建立的数值模型对工程条件下的水下气体泄漏事故进行预测和评估,以某浅层气井喷事故为例,评估水下气体羽流上浮时间、海面影响范围和涌流高度。结果表明:基于欧拉多相流与大涡模拟的数值模型对水下气体羽流预测结果与实验具有较好的吻合度,该模型能够较好捕捉羽流的湍流特性,可为水下气体泄漏羽流行为评估提供参考。     

Sensitivity of the DERMA long-range Gaussian dispersion model to meteorological input and diffusion parameters

The Danish Emergency Response Model of the Atmosphere (DERMA) is described and applied to the first ETEX experiment. By using analysed low-resolution numerical weather-prediction data from the global model of the European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecast (ECMWF) as well as higher-resolution data from two versions of the High Resolution Limited Area Model (HIRLAM), which are operational at the Danish Meteorological Institute (DMI), the sensitivity of DERMA to the resolution of meteorological data is analysed by comparing DERMA results with concentration measurements. Furthermore, the sensitivity to boundary-layer height and diffusion parameters is studied. These parameters include the critical bulk Richardson number, which is used to estimate the atmospheric boundary-layer height, the horizontal eddy diffusivity and the Lagrangian turbulence time scale. The parameters, which provide the best performance of DERMA, are 0.25 for the critical bulk Richardson number, 6×10³ m² s^-1 for the horizontal eddy diffusivity, and 3 h for the Lagrangian time scale. DERMA is much more sensitive to boundary-layer parameters when using high-resolution DMI-HIRLAM data than when using data of lower resolution from the ECMWF. Finally, the bulk Richardson number method of boundary-layer height calculation applied to DMI-HIRLAM data is verified directly against routine radiosondes released under the tracer gas plume. The boundary-layer height estimates based on analysed NWP model data agree well with observations, and the agreement deteriorates as a function of forecast length.     

河北夏季低涡暴雨的统计研究

对河北省22个国家基准站和基本站及北京、天津1991-2000年10年的夏季低涡暴雨个例进行了统计与合成分析，划分了河北夏季低涡暴雨的天气概念模型，对燕山南麓及太行山东麓的低涡暴雨特征进行了研究。对高空形势场、低空风场、暴雨落区及强度等方面的分析表明，造成该地区暴雨的低涡系统主要为西北涡，其次为东蒙冷涡，影响最小的是西南涡。西北涡主要影响太行山南部地区，东蒙冷涡主要影响燕山南麓，以7、8月份较多；西南涡暴雨仅发生在7月份。70％的西北涡暴雨，南方有台风或热带气旋出现。经向型西北涡的水汽源地主要是黄海和东海；纬向型西北涡和经向型东蒙冷涡的水汽源地主要是南海和孟加拉湾。500hPa中纬度经向型的环流形势更有利于低涡暴雨的持续性，降雨强度也更大；暴雨区一般出现在700hPa低涡暖切变附近，最大风速区的左侧。     

Field scale N2O flux measurements from grassland using eddy covariance

In order to assess nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from typical intensively managed grassland in northern Britain fluxes were measured by eddy covariance using tuneable diode laser absorption spectroscopy from June 2002 to June 2003 for a total period of 4000 h. With micrometeorological techniques it is possible to obtain a very detailed picture of the fluxes of N₂O at field scale (10³–10⁴ m²), which are valuable for extrapolation to regional scales. In this paper three of the four fertilizer applications were investigated in detail. N₂O emissions did not always show a clear response. Hourly fluxes were very large immediately after the June 2002 nitrogen fertilizer application, peaking at 2.5 mg N₂O–N m^–2 s^–1. Daily fluxes were averaging about 300 ng N₂O m^–2 s^–1 over the 4 days following fertilizer application. The response of N₂O emissions was less evident after the August fertilization, although 2 days after fertilizer application an hourly maximum flux of 554 ng N₂O–N m^–2 s^–1 was registered. For the rest of August the flux was undetectable. The differences between fertilization events can be explained by different environmental conditions, such as soil temperature and rainfall. A fertiliser-induced N₂O emission was not observed after fertilizer application in March 2003, due to lack of rainfall. The total N₂O flux from June 2002 to June 2003 was 5.5 kg N₂O–N ha^–1y^–1, which is 2.8% of the total annual N fertilizer input.