黄孢原毛平革菌处理染料废水过程中细胞结构损伤效应研究

利用透射电子显微镜观察分析白腐真菌(黄孢原毛平革菌)在处理染料废水活性艳红X-3B过程中,染料和盐度对黄孢原毛平革菌的细胞结构产生的毒性作用.结果表明:活性艳红X-3B染料对黄孢原毛平革菌产生生物毒性作用,且随着染料浓度的增加,细胞受损伤程度不断加深.加入100 mg/L的染料活性艳红X-3B后,黄孢原毛平革菌菌丝细胞形态发生变化,出现质壁分离现象;染料浓度进一步加大,菌丝细胞超微结构受到损伤逐渐严重.染料废水中的盐度对黄孢原毛平革菌细胞也会造成损伤,且损伤程度随盐度增大而增大.NaCl浓度为3 g/L时,菌丝细胞发生质壁分离;而当NaCl加入量高于8 g/L时,细胞膜受损,线粒体、细胞核呈现空泡化,表现为受到不可逆的损伤.染料和盐双因子对黄孢原毛平革菌细胞的损伤效应表现为其损伤程度与单因子作用一致,且染料的影响作用占主导.     

Spatial & temporal variations of PM10 and particle number concentrations in urban air

The size of particles in urban air varies over four orders of magnitude (from 0.001 μm to 10 μm in diameter). In many cities only particle mass concentrations (PM10, i.e. particles <10 μm diameter) is measured. In this paper we analyze how differences in emissions, background concentrations and meteorology affect the temporal and spatial distribution of PM10 and total particle number concentrations (PNC) based on measurements and dispersion modeling in Stockholm, Sweden. PNC at densely trafficked kerbside locations are dominated by ultrafine particles (<0.1 μm diameter) due to vehicle exhaust emissions as verified by high correlation with NOx. But PNC contribute only marginally to PM10, due to the small size of exhaust particles. Instead wear of the road surface is an important factor for the highest PM10 concentrations observed. In Stockholm, road wear increases drastically due to the use of studded tires and traction sand on streets during winter; up to 90% of the locally emitted PM10 may be due to road abrasion. PM10 emissions and concentrations, but not PNC, at kerbside are controlled by road moisture. Annual mean urban background PM10 levels are relatively uniformly distributed over the city, due to the importance of long range transport. For PNC local sources often dominate the concentrations resulting in large temporal and spatial gradients in the concentrations. Despite these differences in the origin of PM10 and PNC, the spatial gradients of annual mean concentrations due to local sources are of equal magnitude due to the common source, namely traffic. Thus, people in different areas experiencing a factor of 2 different annual PM10 exposure due to local sources will also experience a factor of 2 different exposure in terms of PNC. This implies that health impact studies based solely on spatial differences in annual exposure to PM10 may not separate differences in health effects due to ultrafine and coarse particles. On the other hand, health effect assessments based on time series exposure analysis of PM10 and PNC, should be able to observe differences in health effects of ultrafine particles versus coarse particles.     

电磁环境对采后芒果的生理影响

系统研究了采后芒果在静电场,磁场,放电生成气环境下的生理变化。测试了呼吸速率,果体与果皮电解质渗出率,商品果率与病情指数等生理指标。研究结果表明,采后芒果在呼吸速率达到高峰之前电磁环境对其均有明显的作用,而在呼吸高峰之后,无明显影响。在我们设置的电磁环境参数中有几项显示保鲜作用。表１参６     

蔬菜作物施用耐氨固氮菌的增产效果

研究在小区试验条件下,施用耐氨固氮型的催娩克氏菌和阴沟肠杆菌混合菌剂对蔬菜生长和产量的影响。结果表明,施用耐氨固氮菌可促进蔬菜生长,提高产量并改善品质,供试蔬菜的平均增产率达20％,增产效果明显。     

Characterization of the toxic effects of cadmium and 3.5-dichlorophenol on nitrifying activity and mortality in biologically activated sludge systems—effect of low temperature

Background, aims, and scope  Sometimes, urban wastewaters convey a more or less significant part of toxic products from industries or the craft industry. Nitrifying activity can be affected by these substances, implying higher ammonia concentrations in the outlet effluent and contributing to toxicity for the aquatic environment. Moreover, the more stringently treated wastewater standards now require a reliable treatment for nitrogen. One of the key issues is the identification of the inhibition behavior of nitrifying bacteria facing a toxic substance. This new understanding could then finally be integrated into models in order to represent and to optimize wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) operation in cases involving ‘toxic scenarios’. Materials and methods  The toxic substances studied in this work, cadmium and 3.5-dichlorophenol (3.5-DCP), are representative of chemical substances commonly found in municipal sewage and industrial effluents and symbolize two different contaminant groups. The effects of Cd and 3.5-DCP on nitrification kinetics have been investigated using respirometry techniques. Results  IC50 values determination gives concentrations of 3.1 mg/L for 3.5-DCP and 45.8 mg/L for Cd at 21 ± 1°C. The variation to low temperature seems to have no real effect on IC50 for DCP, but induces a decrease of cadmium IC50 to 27.5 mg/L at 14°C. Finally, specific respirometric tests have been carried out in order to determine the potential effect of these toxic substances on the nitrifying decay rate b _a . No significant effect has been noticed for Cd, whereas the presence of 3.5-DCP (at IC50 concentration) induced a dramatic increase of b _a at 20°C. The same behavior has been confirmed by experiments performed in winter periods with a sludge temperature around 12°C. Discussion  The target substances have different modes of action on activity and mortality, notably due to the abilities of the contaminant to be precipitated, accumulated, or even to be progressively degraded. Studies realized at low temperature confirmed this assumption, and put in evidence the effect of temperature on toxic substances capable of being biosorbed. However, the change in the sludge sample characteristics can be pointed out as a problem in the investigation of the temperature effect on nitrification inhibition, as biosorption, bioaccumulation, and predation are directly linked to the sludge characteristics (VSS concentration, temperature) and the plant operating conditions (loading rates, sludge age, etc.). Conclusions  This work brings new understandings concerning the action mode of these specific contaminants on nitrifying bacteria and, in particular, on the role of temperature. The experiments lead to the determination of the IC50 values for both toxic substances on biological nitrification. The inhibition mechanisms of Cd and 3.5-DCP on nitrifying activity have been simply represented by a non-competitive inhibition model. Recommendations and perspectives  Other experiments carried out in a continuous lab-scale pilot plant should be done with a proper control of the operating conditions and of the sludge characteristics in order to better understand the mechanisms of nitrification inhibition for each contaminant. Finally, these first results show that toxic substances can have an effect on the growth rate but also on the decay rate, depending on the characteristics of the toxic substance and the sludge. This eventual double effect would imply different strategies of WWTP operation according to the behavior of the contaminant on the bacteria.     

家用洗衣粉中磷对斜生栅藻生长的影响

以洗衣粉中的有机磷为磷源,通过室内模拟的方法研究在不同磷浓度的水体条件下斜生栅藻的生长情况,以及磷对斜生栅藻的生长是否有毒害作用.通过显微计数测定藻细胞数目来探讨洗衣粉中磷对斜生栅藻生长的影响;同时分析了洗衣粉中磷对斜生栅藻96 h生长期中光合色素的影响.结果表明,洗衣粉中的磷除了促进藻生长外,其浓度过低或过高都会抑制藻的生长.由实验结果可得,磷对藻生长的富营养化作用和毒性作用取决于磷浓度的高低.     

3种兽药及饲料添加剂对鱼类的毒理效应

采用斑马鱼、鲤鱼作为生物材料,通过斑马鱼急性毒性试验、胚胎发育试验和鲤鱼肾细胞单细胞凝胶电泳试验,分别从生物个体水平、细胞水平和分子水平,对兽药及饲料添加剂喹乙醇、阿散酸和土霉素进行了生态毒理学效应研究。急性毒性试验结果表明,3种兽药及饲料添加剂在有生态学意义的浓度范围内对斑马鱼的急性毒性均不大;胚胎发育试验结果表明,喹乙醇和阿散酸对斑马鱼胚胎发育72 h的EC50值分别为221.20和239.54 mg.L-1,具有明显的致畸效应;单细胞凝胶电泳试验结果表明,喹乙醇和土霉素均具有一定的遗传毒性,能引起鲤鱼肾细胞DNA的明显损伤,并呈现出一定的剂量-效应关系。     

稻鸭萍共作复合系统的主要生态效应

对稻鸭萍共作体系的主要生态效应研究结果表明,稻鸭萍共作有利于提高土壤肥力,水稻收获后的土壤有机质、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾分别比对照增加7.95%、7.05%、6.47%和4.46%;稻鸭萍共作对杂草的控制效果达到98.94%,明显削弱了稻田优势杂草的发生与危害,稻田残存杂草为数甚少,P ielou均匀度指数显著提高;稻鸭萍共作对稻田飞虱有显著的控制效应,从而明显抑制主要由灰飞虱传毒危害的水稻条纹叶枯病的发病率;稻鸭萍共作虽然对水稻纹枯病也有明显防治效果,但不能阻止纹枯病的发生;由于绿萍吸附了稻田水体中部分有机物、腐殖质等,稻鸭萍共作区水体的化学需氧量比稻鸭共作区降低8.70%。     

重金属汞对海洋底栖动物毛蚶和紫贻贝毒性效应研究

本文基于我国近海典型底栖双壳类生物毛蚶、紫贻贝急性和慢性毒性效应实验数据,分析了重金属汞对受试生物体质量、体长及消化腺超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase, SOD)酶活力的影响,获取了无观察效应浓度(No Observed Effect Concentration, NOEC),并以生存率为反应终点分析计算了重金属汞的非检测毒性效应浓度及半致死浓度。结果表明,各实验组SOD酶活力的组内方差与组间方差的差异整体上并不显著(P > 0.05),实验周期内仅在个别时间处理组间存在显著性差异(P < 0.05);实验周期内毛蚶和紫贻贝体质量、体长的组内方差与组间方差并没有显著性差异(P > 0.1),体长及体质量不适合作为毒性效应的评价终点。重金属汞对毛蚶、紫贻贝的非检测毒性效应浓度分别为23.7 μg·L-1、87.8 μg·L-1,半致死浓度分别为683.4 μg·L-1、773.2 μg·L-1。     

工程塑料环境因素与载荷应力耦合作用试验装置研究

目的 设计一种能够模拟工程塑料实际服役工作环境的试验装置,在多型自然环境中,构建兼具环境因素侵蚀与载荷应力耦合作用的试验条件。方法 研制工程塑料环境因素与载荷应力协同作用试验装置,采用包括拉伸加载、弯曲加载、控制系统等组件的模块化设计,实现0.01~16 Hz加载频率的拉伸及弯曲载荷,最大1 550 kg的拉伸载荷,最大375 kg的弯曲载荷。结果 将研制完成的试验装置置于多型自然环境下对试验施加恒定和交变载荷,以真实模拟工程塑料实际服役中的环境因素与载荷应力协同作用。结论 试验装置制造加工难度小,结构稳定可靠,可用于评价和研究工程塑料等系列类型材料的环境损伤性能演变。