渗滤液回灌对填埋垃圾含水率的影响研究

文章通过模拟实验研究了不同的渗滤液回灌频率、回灌量和回灌速率对压实密度不同的垃圾的含水率的影响。研究表明,由于通道流的存在和影响,渗滤液的产生时间提前于填埋垃圾达到其有效贮水率的时间;渗滤液回灌频率越高、回灌量越大、回灌速率越慢、垃圾体温度越低、垃圾压实密度越高,则填埋垃圾的有效贮水率越大、含水率越高。在实施渗滤液回灌操作时,须综合考虑滤液回灌频率、回灌量、回灌速率、垃圾温度和垃圾压实密度等影响因素。     

好氧亚硝化颗粒污泥特性的研究

对在小试曝气上流式污泥床反应器中成功培养出的好氧亚硝化颗粒污泥的特性进行了研究.工艺稳定运行时,亚硝化颗粒污泥的VSS/SS稳定在80%左右,粒径大于1.0 mm的颗粒污泥约占总数的70%,粒径大于0.8 mm的颗粒污泥的湿密度约为1?022 kg/m³.荧光原位杂交结果表明,亚硝化细菌主要分布在颗粒污泥的表层,而硝化细菌则分布在表层之下;最大可能数结果显示,亚硝化工艺稳定运行时亚硝化细菌的数量远多于硝化细菌,甚至可高于硝化细菌4个数量级以上.上述结果表明,硝化细菌（AOB和NOB）以接种的产甲烷颗粒污泥或其碎片为载体,通过在其表层附着生长,最终形成好氧亚硝化颗粒污泥.     

基于视频分析的人群密集场所客流监控预警研究

为实现人群密集场所客流安全隐患早发现,辅助管理人员早决策,人群聚集风险区早疏散,提升对灾难的预见性和主动性。在国内外人群异常聚集监测预警现状分析基础上,对比分析得出监控视频分析技术是解决人群密集场所精准预警难题较为理想的解决方案;构建以视频智能分析的人群计数、密度估计、行人追踪、活动烈度识别为核心技术的人群密集场所风险预警技术框架;将该技术框架应用到某大型商圈的商业街区,获得监控区域内的人群总数、密度分布、行人轨迹和异常活动等特征。结果表明:提出的基于视频分析的人群密集场所风险预警技术框架可为城市大型商圈、交通枢纽、大型活动场所等城市公共场所的安全管理提供参考和借鉴。     

Temperature Effect on Migration of Zn and Cd Through Natural Clay

To investigate the effect of temperature on effective diffusion coefficients and retardation factors for Zn and Cd, combined diffusion and sequential extraction analyses were conducted at 15 ^˚C and 55 ^˚C. The effective diffusion coefficients of the metals increased up to ten times according to the increased temperature. On the other hand, the effect of temperature on the retardation factor depended on the retention mechanisms of the metals. The distribution coefficient for Zn, which was mainly partitioned in the carbonate phase, increased up to two times with the increase in temperature. On the other hand, the distribution coefficient for Cd, which was mainly partitioned in the exchangeable phase, was hardly affected by the temperature change. Results of combined diffusion and sequential extraction analysis showed that the effect of temperature on the heavy metals’ (Zn and Cd) migration through the compacted natural clay was influenced by the combined effects of the diffusion coefficient and the retardation factor. Additionally, we could also observe the change in retention mechanism for the metals with the change in pore water concentration.     

二氧化碳水合物储气特性的实验研究

利用二氧化碳水合物小型实验装置分别在恒容和恒压条件下,研究了机械搅拌对二氧化碳气体溶解的影响以及温度与水-气比对二氧化碳水合物形成和储气密度的影响。通过实验结果发现,机械搅拌对二氧化碳的溶解有非常明显的促进作用,可以在3 min内完成溶解过程,促进溶解作用好于添加剂SDS。研究还发现,反应温度越低,二氧化碳水合物的生成速率越快,总的储气量越大,而水-气比越大,储气密度越小。在实验压力3 MPa、反应温度273.55 K的条件下,1体积的水生成水合物后可储存157体积的二氧化碳。     

中国城镇建设用地经济密度的区位差异及影响因素——基于273个地级及以上城市的分析

以全国地级及以上城市中的273个样本城市为研究对象,分别从全国、沿海地区、内陆地区三个层次考察了样本城市城镇建设用地经济密度的区位差异。根据柯布-道格拉斯生产函数的理论与分析方法建立模型,分析了资本、劳动力、土地三大投入要素和城市全要素生产率等对城镇建设用地的影响,并在控制以上变量的条件下侧重考察了城市区位差异的影响。发现我国城镇建设用地经济密度的区位差异明显,具有区位优势的城市土地效益平均高于缺乏区位优势的城市;沿海水陆口岸的区位优势十分显著,建设用地经济密度相对较高,而内陆地区水陆口岸的区位优势有待发掘;航空口岸对提高城镇建设用地经济密度未发挥积极作用。分析结果表明,生产要素投入、科技水平、市场环境和城市发展阶段是影响土地效益的主要因素,但不同区位条件下城镇建设用地经济密度的影响因素有所不同,为提高城镇建设用地经济密度,不同区位条件的城市着力点应各有侧重。     

Inverse modeling of Asian Rn flux using surface air Rn concentration

When used with an atmospheric transport model, the ²²²Rn flux distribution estimated in our previous study using soil transport theory caused underestimation of atmospheric ²²²Rn concentrations as compared with measurements in East Asia. In this study, we applied a Bayesian synthesis inverse method to produce revised estimates of the annual ²²²Rn flux density in Asia by using atmospheric ²²²Rn concentrations measured at seven sites in East Asia. The Bayesian synthesis inverse method requires a prior estimate of the flux distribution and its uncertainties. The atmospheric transport model MM5/HIRAT and our previous estimate of the ²²²Rn flux distribution as the prior value were used to generate new flux estimates for the eastern half of the Eurasian continent dividing into 10 regions.The ²²²Rn flux densities estimated using the Bayesian inversion technique were generally higher than the prior flux densities. The area-weighted average ²²²Rn flux density for Asia was estimated to be 33.0 mBq m⁻² s⁻¹, which is substantially higher than the prior value (16.7 mBq m⁻² s⁻¹). The estimated ²²²Rn flux densities decrease with increasing latitude as follows: Southeast Asia (36.7 mBq m⁻² s⁻¹); East Asia (28.6 mBq m⁻² s⁻¹) including China, Korean Peninsula and Japan; and Siberia (14.1 mBq m⁻² s⁻¹). Increase of the newly estimated fluxes in Southeast Asia, China, Japan, and the southern part of Eastern Siberia from the prior ones contributed most significantly to improved agreement of the model-calculated concentrations with the atmospheric measurements. The sensitivity analysis of prior flux errors and effects of locally exhaled ²²²Rn showed that the estimated fluxes in Northern and Central China, Korea, Japan, and the southern part of Eastern Siberia were robust, but that in Central Asia had a large uncertainty.     

Determination of specific gravity of municipal solid waste

This investigation was conducted to evaluate experimental determination of specific gravity (G_s) of municipal solid waste (MSW). Water pycnometry, typically used for testing soils was adapted for testing MSW using a large flask with 2000 mL capacity and specimens with 100–350 g masses. Tests were conducted on manufactured waste samples prepared using US waste constituent components; fresh wastes obtained prior and subsequent to compaction at an MSW landfill; and wastes obtained from various depths at the same landfill. Factors that influence specific gravity were investigated including waste particle size, compaction, and combined decomposition and stress history. The measured average specific gravities were 1.377 and 1.530 for as-prepared/uncompacted and compacted manufactured wastes, respectively; 1.072 and 1.258 for uncompacted and compacted fresh wastes, respectively; and 2.201 for old wastes. The average organic content and degree of decomposition were 77.2% and 0%, respectively for fresh wastes and 22.8% and 88.3%, respectively for old wastes. The G_s increased with decreasing particle size, compaction, and increasing waste age. For fresh wastes, reductions in particle size and compaction caused occluded intraparticle pores to be exposed and waste particles to be deformed resulting in increases in specific gravity. For old wastes, the high G_s resulted from loss of biodegradable components that have low G_s as well as potential access to previously occluded pores and deformation of particles due to both degradation processes and applied mechanical stresses. The G_s was correlated to the degree of decomposition with a linear relationship. Unlike soils, the G_s for MSW was not unique, but varied in a landfill environment due both to physical/mechanical processes and biochemical processes. Specific gravity testing is recommended to be conducted not only using representative waste composition, but also using representative compaction, stress, and degradation states.     

基于网格划分的宜兴市区滨水区可达性评价

城市滨水区可达性不仅仅是空间距离的阻隔,还包括人们对滨水空间的需求及滨水区自身对公众的吸引力。依据潜能模型的概念,选取人口密度、滨水区综合质量和以土地利用表达的交通作为评价因子,借助ArcGIS93软件,建立了基于网格划分的滨水区可达性计算模型。该模型通过对研究区域进行等距网格划分以及定量计算网格内的人口密度、最小阻力成本和滨水区综合质量来进行滨水区可达性的定量评价。运用该模型评价了宜兴市中心城区居民至各滨水区的可达性水平,发现各滨水区平均可达性水平存在明显差异,最高的是团氿,最低的是蠡河;对每个滨水区而言,可达性从空间上均呈现出以滨水区为中心由内向外递减的趋势。评价结果可为城市滨水区合理建设格局的制定和居民享用滨水区的公平性提供决策参考     

火灾下约束钢柱临界温度的简化计算方法

在火灾条件下,约束钢柱轴力由于升温而增加,会导致在较低的温度下发生屈曲;但屈曲后,钢柱的轴向温度膨胀得到释放,轴力下降,因此屈曲后钢柱仍能继续承栽。本文通过计算长度系数将转动约束钢柱转换为铰支钢柱,给出了一种轴向约束钢柱在火灾升温条件下的临界温度的简化计算方法——轴力放大系数设计方法。此法通过轴力放大系数将轴向约束钢柱转化为无约束钢柱,再按无约束钢柱计算得到钢柱的临界温度。用验证过的有限元模型对简化计算方法进行了验证,计算结果表明简化方法吻合较好。