垃圾填埋场水力学特性的研究进展

本文对填埋场渗滤液产生和运移的水力学特性的研究成果进行了总结，建立在填埋垃圾均质各向同性假设基础上的渗滤液运移模型不能满足日后生物反应器填埋场渗滤液回灌系统的设计和操作运行需要，基于填埋垃圾非均质各向异性的填埋场水力学特性将是今后研究的重点。     

河网水源生态湿地水氢氧同位素分异特征

为揭示河网水源生态湿地中水力流程沿途和植物床-沟壕系统内部水同位素分异特征,于2019年8月夏季湿雨期,沿水力流程梯度采集嘉兴市石臼漾湿地、贯泾港湿地、海宁市长水塘湿地和泰山港湿地这4个根孔型水源生态湿地上层水样,于2020年1月冬季干冷期采集泰山港湿地植物床-沟壕系统内部沟壕上层水样和植物床潜水样品.测定氘（δD）和δ¹⁸ O丰度,运用同位素技术和数理统计方法解析湿地水体水同位素分布和组成特征,并探明植物床-沟壕系统对水同位素分异的影响.结果表明：①河网水同位素时空变化很大程度上受到不同水源补给和蒸发富集作用的影响,湿地敞水区水线与邻近区域大气降水线相比,湿地区水氢氧同位素呈现富集特征;②通过多种数理统计手段结合散点图并做模型假设诊断分析,发现在4个湿地的区域尺度和每个湿地内部的局域尺度,水氢氧同位素丰度及组成在垂向维度和水平维度大多呈现复杂的非线性变化,在区域尺度上,垂向维度的水位高程较水平维度的水力流程长度对水同位素的分布影响更大,而在局域尺度内,水力流程驱动的影响往往更大;③异质性较强的湿地根孔生态净化区相较于其他功能区其水同位素相对更加富集;④由芦苇等根系发达的植物所形成的地下大孔隙网络、富含粘土的基质土壤和植物床上的植物对湿地水氢氧同位素丰度具有显著影响,因此,在植物床-沟壕系统内部,出水侧的低位小沟相较于进水侧的高位小沟其水同位素偏轻;⑤植物床-沟壕系统中水同位素丰度的突变点可能预示着水体净化的拐点;⑥植物床-沟壕系统潜水中氘盈余（d-excess）明显高于沟水相应值,且潜水变异系数远大于沟水,湿地根孔生态净化区的氘盈余呈现夏季湿热雨季偏负、冬季干冷旱季偏正的季节性差异,反映了湿地水汽来源的季节性差异和内部同位素分馏行为的空间差异.研究结果为人们认识人工湿地中水同位素分布特征、水力流态及提升湿地运行效果提供参考依据,并为探索湿地水质提升关键技术提供新思路.本研究表明水同位素技术在剖析湿地水文学方面具有可靠的巨大潜力.     

Assessment and mapping of environmental quality in agricultural soils of Zhejiang Province, China

Heavy metal concentrations in agricultural soils of Zhejiang Province were monitored to indicate the status of heavy metal contamination and assess environmental quality of agricultural soils. A total of 908 soil samples were collected from 38 counties in Zbejiang Province and eight heavy metal （Cd, Cr, Pb, Hg, Cu, Zn, Ni and As） concentrations had been evaluated in agricultural soil. It was found 775 samples were unpolluted and 133 samples were slightly polluted and more respectively, that is approximately 14.65% agricultural soil samples had the heavy metal concentration above the threshold level in this province by means of Nemerow＇s synthetical pollution index method according to the second grade of Standards for Soil Environmental Quality of China （GB15618- 1995）. Contamination of Cd was the highest, followed by Ni, As and Zn were lower correspondingly. Moreover, Inverse Distance Weighted （IDW） interpolation method was used to make an assessment map of soil environmental quality based on the Nemerow＇s pollution index and the soil environmental quality was categorized into five grades. Moreover, ten indices were calculated as input parameters for principal component analysis （PCA） and the principal components （PCs） were created to compare environmental quality of different soils and regions. The results revealed that environmental quality of tea soils was better than that of paddy soils, vegetable soils and fruit soils. This study indicated that GIS combined with multivariate statistical approaches proved to be effective and powerful tool in the mapping of soil contamination distribution and the assessment of soil environmental quality on provincial scale, which is beneficial to environmental protection and management decision-making by local government.     

Mass balance-based regression modeling of Cd and Zn accumulation in urban soils of Beijing

Accumulation of heavy metals in urban soil can pose adverse impacts on public health and terrestrial ecosystems. We developed a mass balance-based regression model to simulate the heavy metal accumulation in urban soils as a function of time and to explore connections between metal concentration and urbanization processes. Concentrations of Cd and Zn in 68 residential soil samples in the urban area of Beijing were used. The background concentrations, the loss rates and the input fluxes of Cd and Zn in urban soils of Beijing during the last three decades were estimated using a regression of the time series of accumulations of the metals. Based on the regression estimates, we simulated the general trends of Cd and Zn accumulation in the soils from 1978 to 2078. The concentrations of Cd and Zn in urban soil generally increased with the population growth, vehicle use and coal consumption. The mean concentrations of Cd and Zn in urban soil of Beijing would increase by 3 fold over the next 70 years for the current development scenario. The mass balance-based regression approach, which is able to reconstruct the history data of urban soil pollution, provides fundamental information for urban planning and environmental management.     

放射性核素在饱和浙江红粘土中的迁移

用分层土柱法研究放射性核素在浙江红粘土介质中的迁移规律.通过为期28d的饱和土柱动态吸附-解吸实验,测定了¹³⁷Cs、⁸⁵Sr、⁶⁰Co、¹⁴⁴Ce、¹⁵⁵Eu和²³⁷Np 6种放射性核素在浙江红粘土样品中的垂直剖面浓度分布及其迁移速度.为便于根据实际场址的入渗水通量确定这些核素的滞留因子,进行了氚弥散实验,测定了土壤有效孔隙率和土壤中水运移速度.根据土柱装填密度、有效孔隙率和土壤中水运移速度,计算出上述核素在红粘土中的吸附分配系数和滞留因子.结果表明:浙江红粘土对¹³⁷Cs、⁸⁵Sr、⁶⁰Co、¹⁴⁴Ce、¹⁵⁵Eu和²³⁷Np 6种核素均有较大的吸附分配系数和滞留因子;对¹³⁷Cs的吸附分配系数和滞留因子分别为2388ml·g^-1和7732,对⁸⁵Sr的吸附分配系数和滞留因子分别为1432ml·g^-1和4645.     

Removal of nitrogen and phosphorus in a combined A2/O-BAF system with a short aerobic SRT

A bench-scale anaerobic/anoxic/aerobic process-biological aerated filter （A^2/O-BAF） combined system was carded out to treat wastewater with lower C/N and C/P ratios. The A^2/O process was operated in a short aerobic sludge retention time （SRT） for organic pollutants and phosphorus removal, and denitrification. The subsequent BAF process was mainly used for nitrification. The BAF effluent was partially returned to anoxic zone of the A^2/O process to provide electron acceptors for denitrification and anoxic P uptake. This unique system formed an environment for reproducing the denitdfying phosphate-accumulating organisms （DPAOs）. The ratio of DPAOs to phosphorus accumulating organisms （PAOs） could be maintained at 28% by optimizing the organic loads in the anaerobic zone and the nitrate loads into the anoxic zone in the A^2/O process. The aerobic phosphorus over-uptake and discharge of excess activated sludge was the main mechanism of phosphorus removal in the combined system. The aerobic SRT of the A^2/O process should meet the demands for the development of aerobic PAOs and the restraint on the nitrifiers growth, and the contact time in the aerobic zone of the A^2/O process should be longer than 30 min, which ensured efficient phosphorus removal in the combined system. The adequate BAF effluent return rates should be controlled with 1--4 mg/L nitrate nitrogen in the anoxic zone effluent of A^2/O process to achieve the optimal nitrogen and phosphorus removal efficiencies.     

滨海生态景观河道对污水处理厂出水净化效果研究

为了探讨天津滨海泰达生态景观河道对污水处理厂出水深度净化的效果,2009年对该河道水体进行监测分析,结果表明该河道对氮、磷营养盐具有良好的可持续净化能力,河道出水达到景观环境用水的再生水水质标准,出水TN、NH3-N、TP和PO43-平均浓度分别为1.49mg/L、0.75mg/L、0.16mg/L和0.01mg/L,相应去除率分别达到93.38%、41.13%、88.09%和98.16%;沿程水体COD和TDS变化规律不明显,去除效果不理想;河道中端与出水端水体水质相近,建议在今后相似工程中可以适当提高河道式湿地的水力负荷。     

绿色屋顶雨洪调控能力与效益评价

日益频发的城市内涝灾害引起了社会各界的广泛关注,其主要原因是快速城市化导致的不透水面增加.绿色屋顶能够有效增加城市透水面面积,进而从源头上控制雨水径流,具有重要的生态环境效益.本文以南京市金陵小学行政楼的绿色屋顶为研究区,收集了17个月（2016-06~2017-10）中的76起降雨与径流数据,探讨了场地尺度上绿色屋顶的综合径流调控能力,辨识了影响其径流调控能力的主要因素,并基于生命周期评价理论与方法对其30年生命周期下的雨洪调控效益进行了定量评价.结果表明：①该绿色屋顶的平均截流率为62.7%,可有效削减雨水径流量和洪峰流量、延缓径流发生时间和峰现时间.②绿色屋顶对于中小型降雨具有较强的截流能力,但当其滞留能力达到饱和状态或未完全恢复时,即使是小型降雨,其截流能力也会大幅降低.③绿色屋顶径流调控能力的主要影响因素为降雨量、降雨强度和生长基质含水量.④绿色屋顶建设的成本效率为12.51元·m^-3,费效比为5/12（0.41）,经济效益较高.本研究结果可为绿色屋顶的规划建设、推广普及政策制定提供重要的科学依据和决策参考.     

污泥胞外聚合物的提取方法及其对污泥脱水性能的影响

采用7种不同方法提取污泥胞外聚合物(EPS),并研究污泥不同层EPS剥离前后对污泥脱水性能的影响.结果表明,甲醛+NaOH和2%EDTA提取法对污泥中紧密结合的胞外聚合物(tightly bound extracellular polymeric substances,TB-EPS)提取效率最高,总固体(SS)中的EPS提取量分别为128.9 mg.g-1和42.38 mg.g-1,但提取后细胞破裂严重,不能代表污泥EPS的真实含量,不宜采用.加热法较为温和,提取效率较高,总SS中EPS产量为21.97 mg.g-1.污泥剥离黏液层(Slime层)、松散结合的胞外聚合物(loosely bound extracellular polymeric substances,LB-EPS)和TB-EPS层后污泥的脱水性能大幅度改善,其中Slime层EPS含量越高污泥的脱水性能越差,当污泥EPS大量地释放到溶液中即Slime层时污泥的CST值大幅度升高,污泥的脱水性能变差.石湖墟和昂船舟污泥初始的毛细吸水时间(CST)为132.9 s和229.9 s,当剥离Slime层时这2种污泥的CST值分别为80.8 s和79.4 s,脱水性能得到明显改善.     

排水沟渠炉渣与底泥对水中氮、磷截留效应

通过等温热力学吸附实验,将炉渣、炉渣+30%底泥、排水沟渠底泥对水中氨氮的去除效果进行比较,并采用Langmuir等温吸附方程对3种基质吸附氨氮、磷酸盐的量进行拟合;通过动力学实验,比较3种基质吸附速率.结果表明,炉渣、炉渣+30%底泥、排水沟渠底泥对氨氮的最大吸附量分别为0.49,1.03,1.75mg/g,对磷酸盐的最大吸附量分别为0.99,2.33,1.88mg/g;4h内基质吸附氨氮速率分别为:0.10,0.11,0.54mg/(g·h),2h内基质吸附磷酸盐速率分别为:0.048,0.051,0.096mg/(g·h).由于沟渠底泥较为松散、遇水冲刷易流失,故选择炉渣作为沟渠基质坝的填充物.基质坝能够减缓渠水流速,延长渠水的水力停留时间(HRT).