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311.
甲酸、乙酸和草酸是降水中有机酸的主要成分。研究选用离子色谱法同时测定降水中的甲酸、乙酸和草酸,并对降水样品中3种有机酸的保存条件进行了研究。优化后的色谱条件为4. 0 mmol/L Na_2CO_3和1. 2 mmol/L NaHCO_3混合淋洗液,淋洗液流速为1. 0 m L/min,进样体积为200μL,电导池温度为30℃,柱温为室温。甲酸、乙酸和草酸的检出限分别为0. 002、0. 005、0. 005 mg/L,实际降水样品测定时平行样的相对标准偏差为1. 4%~12%,加标回收率为95%~118%。样品采集后需尽快用0. 45μm聚醚砜微孔滤膜过滤,4℃以下冷藏密封保存,2 d内测定。若用氢氧化钠溶液调节p H至8~10,样品可保存7 d。 相似文献
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The objective of this study was to characterize recovered soil fines from construction and demolition (C&D) waste recycling facilities for trace organic pollutants. Over a period of 18 months, five sampling trips were made to 14 C&D waste recycling facilities in Florida. Screened soil fines were collected from older stockpiles and newly generated piles at the sites. The samples were analyzed for the total concentration (mg/kg) of a series of volatile organic compound (VOCs) and semi-volatile organic compounds (semi-VOCs). The synthetic precipitation leaching procedure (SPLP) test was also performed to evaluate the leachability of the trace organic chemicals. During the total analysis only a few volatile organic compounds were commonly found in the samples (trichlorofluoromethane, toluene, 4-isopropyltoluene, trimethylbenzene, xylenes, and methylene chloride). A total of nine VOCs were detected in the leaching test. Toluene showed the highest leachability among the compounds (61.3-92.0%), while trichlorofluoromethane, the most commonly detected compound from both the total and leaching tests, resulted in the lowest leachability (1.4-39.9%). For the semi-VOC analysis, three base-neutral semi-VOC compounds (bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate, butyl benzyl phthalate, and di-n-butyl phthalate) and several PAHs (acenaphthene, pyrene, fluoranthene, and phenanthrene) were commonly detected in C&D fines samples. These compounds also leached during the SPLP leaching test (0.1-25%). No acid extractable compounds, pesticides, or PCBs were detected. The results of this study were further investigated to assess risk from land applied recovered soil fines by comparing total and leaching concentrations of recovered soil fines samples to risk-based standards. The results of this indicate that the organic chemicals in recovered soil fines from C&D debris recycling facilities were not of a major concern in terms of human risk and leaching risk to groundwater under reuse and contact scenarios. 相似文献
315.
Lauren E. Hay Robert L. Wilby George H. Leavesley 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2000,36(2):387-397
ABSTRACT: Simulated daily precipitation, temperature, and runoff time series were compared in three mountainous basins in the United States: (1) the Animas River basin in Colorado, (2) the East Fork of the Carson River basin in Nevada and California, and (3) the Cle Elum River basin in Washington State. Two methods of climate scenario generation were compared: delta change and statistical downscaling. The delta change method uses differences between simulated current and future climate conditions from the Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research (HadCM2) General Circulation Model (GCM) added to observed time series of climate variables. A statistical downscaling (SDS) model was developed for each basin using station data and output from the National Center for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEPINCAR) reanalysis regridded to the scale of HadCM2. The SDS model was then used to simulate local climate variables using HadCM2 output for current and future conditions. Surface climate variables from each scenario were used in a precipitation‐runoff model. Results from this study show that, in the basins tested, a precipitation‐runoff model can simulate realistic runoff series for current conditions using statistically down‐scaled NCEP output. But, use of downscaled HadCM2 output for current or future climate assessments are questionable because the GCM does not produce accurate estimates of the surface variables needed for runoff in these regions. Given the uncertainties in the GCMs ability to simulate current conditions based on either the delta change or downscaling approaches, future climate assessments based on either of these approaches must be treated with caution. 相似文献
316.
Wayne J. Graham 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2000,36(5):953-963
ABSTRACT: The probable maximum flood (PMF) currently serves as the design standard for many U.S. dams. Floods used for design have increased and currently thousands of dams in the U.S. would be overtopped and possibly fail using the latest calculated PMF at each dam site. Some researchers have suggested that modifying dams to accommodate the PMF could be wasteful. Objections to using the PMF for dam modification include: (1) larger spillway capacity may increase annual downstream flood losses, (2) benefit‐cost ratios may be low, (3) construction accidents associated with dam modification may cause fatalities, and (4) the dollar amount spent to save lives by making dams safer is often very high. Based on these objections, a procedure is presented for evaluating the effectiveness of a proposed dam modification. A change in spillway design policy is recommended. Accepting the status quo at a dam that cannot accommodate the PMF may be the best course of action. 相似文献
317.
絮凝-树脂吸附法处理高色度邻硝基苯胺废水 总被引:16,自引:2,他引:14
采用絮凝-树脂吸附法处理高色度邻硝基苯胺废水,比较了不同絮凝剂的处理效果。试验结果表明,用硫酸铝作絮凝剂,以生石灰作助凝剂,加入少量高分子絮凝剂进行絮凝沉降处理,然后用CHA-101树脂进行吸附处理,处理后废水色度由≥16000倍降至40倍以下,COD由≥5000mg/L降至≤80mg/L,PH6~7。 相似文献
318.
生物还原-化学沉淀去除烟气SO2中Na2 SO3和硫化物的研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
利用硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)和金属离子沉淀剂对烟气SO2进行生物还原-化学沉淀去除,考察了碳源类型、乙酸(碳源)浓度、沉淀剂投加量和反应时间对SO3^2-去除的影响,研究表明,沉淀剂的加入导致SRB转化产生的S^2-能很快生成硫化物沉淀,其它副反应被抑制.乙酸C原子/SO3^2-的浓度比为1时,SO3^2-去除最大.随着沉淀剂投加量的增加,SO3^2-去除率增大.ZnCl2生化反应培养14d后,SO3^2-去除趋于完全.FeCl2生化反应培养7d后,SO3^2-去除趋于完全. 相似文献
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为认识西安市大气降水主要化学组分的现状,对2019年西安市市区和郊区大气降水样品的pH值、电导率、水溶性离子和重金属的质量浓度、湿沉降通量和来源进行了研究.结果表明,西安市冬季大气降水pH、电导率、水溶性离子和重金属浓度均高于其它季节.降水中主要的水溶性离子为Ca2+、 NH+4、 SO■和NO-3,其之和占总离子浓度的(88.5±2.8)%;市区和郊区主要重金属是Zn和Fe、 Zn和Mn,其之和分别占总金属浓度的(54.0%±3)%和(47.0%±8)%.市区和郊区降水中水溶性离子的湿沉降通量分别为(253.2±58.4)mg·(m2·month)-1和(241.9±61.1)mg·(m2·month)-1,呈现出冬季高于其他季节的特点;重金属的湿沉降通量分别为(86.2±37.5)mg·(m2·month)-1和(88.1±37.4)mg·(m... 相似文献