火山岩填料曝气生物滤池内循环强化脱氮试验研究

试验表明,被粉碎的火山岩是一种较好的曝气生物滤池填料。出水内循环虽然对COD、SS以及浊度没有太大影响,甚至因试验期间低温限制使得硝化效果改善并不明显,但内循环可以显著提高曝气生物滤池反硝化（脱氮）效果。在内循环比为150%时,硝化过程中产生的NO-3几乎均能被反硝化完全去除,只是由于试验时的低温限制了硝化效率使TN去除效率提高幅度受到限制,从无内循环时的438%仅仅被提高到69.1%。DO值沿填料层高度呈山谷型分布（谷底位于填料层50 cm处）规律揭示,DO谷底是反硝化的拐点,也是反硝化与硝化的分界点。     

利用日本青鳉早期发育阶段暴露评估排水的急、慢性毒性和内分泌干扰效应

提出一套利用日本青鳉胚胎-幼鱼阶段生长、形态学改变和雌雄比例变化的指标体系评价排水的毒性和内分泌干扰效应的方法.该方法属于活体动物的短期和部分生命阶段暴露测试,整个实验周期为21 d,测试过程不依赖复杂的仪器设备,操作简单、成本低.通过在北京市污水、工业废水及其经过生物处理后的排水进行测试,表明其能够比较准确判断排水中是否存在急性毒性、致畸和内分泌干扰效应物质.将其应用于评价不同深度处理工艺出水毒性效果,结果表明反渗透工艺能够去除大部分毒性物质.     

不同年限机动车的尾气污染排放现状与缓解对策

在对上海市机动车尾气排放进行检测的基础上,就汽油车排放的HC、CO及柴油车的烟度进行了统计分析,对2005年及2006年汽车超标情况进行了对比,以及按启用年限对2006年汽油车及柴油车的超标情况进行了比较,阐述了上海机动车排放量大,汽油车超标率高达10.9%,柴油车超标率高达46.18%。因此,针对机动车排污所面临的严峻挑战,需要抓紧制定与之相应的排放检测和污染控制政策。     

臭氧氧化法深度处理印染废水二级出水

采用臭氧氧化法深度处理印染废水二级出水,以比臭氧消耗量为基础讨论出水水质的改善情况.实验结果表明:当比臭氧消耗量为6.5 mg/mg 时,出水的吸光度在400 nm处减少90%以上,在254 nm处减少85%以上;出水的溶解性有机碳质量浓度为11.23 mg/L、COD为16.3 mg/L;臭氧分子直接氧化对降低色度和去除有机物起到一定作用,采用臭氧氧化法深度处理印染废水二级出水在技术上是可行的.     

Integration of biological method and membrane technology in treating palm oil mill e uent

Palm oil industry is the most important agro-industry in Malaysia, but its by-product–palm oil mill e uent (POME), posed a great threat to water environment. In the past decades, several treatment and disposal methods have been proposed and investigated to solve this problem. A two-stage pilot-scale plant was designed and constructed for POME treatment. Anaerobic digestion and aerobic biodegradation constituted the first biological stage, while ultrafiltration (UF) and reverse osmosis (RO) membrane units were combined as the second membrane separation stage. In the anaerobic expanded granular sludge bed (EGSB) reactor, about 43% organic matter in POME was converted into biogas, and COD reduction e ciency reached 93% and 22% in EGSB and the following aerobic reactor, respectively.With the treatment in the first biological stage, suspended solids and oil also decreased to a low degree. All these alleviated the membrane fouling and prolonged the membrane life. In the membrane process unit, almost all the suspended solids were captured by UF membranes, while RO membrane excluded most of the dissolved solids or inorganic salts from RO permeate. After the whole treatment processes, organic matter in POME expressed by BOD and COD was removed almost thoroughly. Suspended solids and color were not detectable in RO permeate any more, and mineral elements only existed in trace amount (except for K and Na). The high-quality e uent was crystal clear and could be used as the boiler feed water.     

超滤在乙醇厌氧沼液资源化回用中的应用

厌氧沼液经资源化处理后回用于生产,可有效解决传统乙醇生产过程耗水量大和废水处理成本高等突出问题。鉴于超滤是去除厌氧沼液中微生物的常用手段,该方法对管式超滤膜用于处理乙醇厌氧沼液的可行性开展了研究。结果表明：在沼液温度50 ℃、膜面流速为4.5 m·s-1、产水率30%的最佳条件下,膜通量达到174 L·(m2·h)-1;膜污染包括无机污染和有机污染,无机污染主要有Ca2+、Mg2+和Fe3+等,有机污染较为复杂,包括烃、脂肪酸及其衍生物以及腐殖酸、富里酸等;最佳清洗策略是先用柠檬酸和NaClO清洗,然后用NaOH进行清洗,膜通量恢复率达到了98%以上。超滤可以有效去除厌氧沼液中的微生物,避免拌料粉浆的酸化。     

DECISION PARAMETERS FOR COMBINED USE OF EFFLUENT DISCHARGES,SURFACE FLOWS,AND GROUND WATER1

ABSTRACT: Decision parameters affecting combined use of effluent discharges and surface flows and ground water available at Gillespie Dam on the Gila River in Arizona are identified and analyzed. Hydrologic, economic, legal, and institutional parameters are considered separately and in combination. The interrelationships of irrigation subsystems, water use functions, institutional involvement, economic and legal constraints are illustrated. Recent hydrologic studies indicate that the natural flow of the Gila River will increase with the discharge of Phoenix sewage effluent and then there will be a drastic decline when the Palo Verde Nuclear Generating Station commences in 1985. Competition for any increases in effluent discharges and surface flows could be ameliorated through the combined efforts of existing or reorganized entities resulting in sharing of costs and benefits. The analysis leads to recommendations concerning joint use of facilities, proration of fixed and variable costs, and creation of a mutual water company.     

WATER REUSE FROM SEWAGE EFFLUENT BY IRRIGATION: A PERSPECTIVE FOR HAWAII1

ABSTRACT: Surrounded by an ocean, the Hawaiian Islands are limited in their natural fresh water resources. The major readily developable potable sources are the high quality ground water sources which serve both domestic uses and sugarcane irrigation although irrigation water does not require as high a quality as drinking water. The increasing overall fresh water requirements for the island of Oahu will outstrip the potential yield of fresh ground water sources, as developed by present technology, by the year 2000 according to Honolulu Board of Water Supply projections. There are water shortage regions on other islands. Water reuse from sewage effluent for irrigation will augment natural water resources, furnish supplemental or alternative fertilizer, and reduce ocean water pollution and the costs of engineering systems. In cooperative field testing from 1971 to 1975, it was demonstrated that effluent can be applied as supplemental water for furrow irrigation of sugarcane without detriment to ground water quality and sugar yield. Studies are in progress to test different dilutions of effluent and its use with chemical ripeners to improve crop yield. Sugarcane plantations on Oahu, Maui, and Kauai are in various stages of water reuse by effluent irrigation. Reuse is presently practiced for irrigation of golf courses and is being planned for forage crops in Hawaii.     

CITY OF TUCSON WASTE WATER EFFLUENT DELIVERY FACILITY1

ABSTRACT: The Tucson area is totally dependent on ground water, which is in increasingly short supply due to excessive overdrafts. Tucson area waste water treatment plants discharge material quantities of secondary effluent downstream, which is lost to evapotranspiration and recharge of the ground water basin. The city and the four large mining companies who share the common Santa Cruz basin ground water, recognized the common water supply problem and agreed to fund a feasibility study for mining process use of the effluent to partly alleviate the overdraft of ground water. The study analyzed the projected waste water effluent resources, potential mining company demand for waste water effluent and possible interface of an effluent delivery facility with the proposed Central Arizona Project. The effluent resources were analyzed with respect to potential demand. An optimum alignment was selected. An optimum system was detailed through design schematics, amortized cost and finance requirements, and an implementation schedule. It was concluded that a waste water effluent delivery facility could be implemented which would utilize reclaimed effluent in quantities approximating 35 percent of basin overdraft and which would provide revenue for full cost recovery over a 20 year operation period. The mining companies are studying the internal economic impacts of the project.     

IMPACTS OF RESIDENTIAL WATER REUSE IN THE TUCSON AREA1

ABSTRACT: Groundwater pumping constitutes approximately 100 percent of the water supply in the Tucson Active Management Area (AMA), Arizona. The current annual overdraft approaches 250,000 acre-feet, but the goal of the AMA is to eliminate the overdraft by the year 2025. Urban water reuse, if implemented by only 30 percent of the area's projected population, would reduce the annual ground-water overdraft by 25,000 acre-feet.