Wastewater Reuse Practices in Kuwait

Water is a scarce commodity in Kuwait. With rapid growth of population coupled with increasing urbanization and agriculture, the demand for water in Kuwait is continually on the increase. The main water source in the country is from desalination with small quantities from underground aquifers. Wastewater effluent at least for irrigation purposes, could be a valuable source to augment this dwindling water supply, and should not continue to be wasted. Reuse of wastewater effluent could both minimize the disposal of water to the environment and reduce the demand on fresh water supplies. This paper discusses the features of reuse, the processes used and standards adopted. Design data, operational results, and physical characteristics for the three wastewater treatment plants (Ardiya, Jahra, and Riqqa) in Kuwait are discussed. In addition, the paper reports on the results of a research study undertaken to determine the willingness, level of awareness and knowledge among the people of Kuwait in using wastewater effluent for different purposes. Cost and benefit analyses were conducted on wastewater effluent and reuse. The study concludes with useful recommendations to both the authorities and the citizens of Kuwait.     

预臭氧化对二级出水微滤过程中膜有机物污染的影响

在二级出水溶解性有机物（secondary effluent organic matter,EfOM）的微滤过程中,多种因素均与膜的有机污染相关,比如总有机物的含量,溶解性有机物的亲疏水性组成等.本文主要研究了在二级出水微滤过程中溶解性有机物的膜污染,以及预臭氧化对二级出水溶解性有机物性质的影响进而对膜有机污染的影响....     

造纸中段废水强氧化深度处理技术原理及应用

针对造纸废水的特点,应用水解酸化＋氧化沟生物处理＋强氧化深度处理的治理工艺对造纸中段废水进行处理。对实际运行效果的检测表明,经处理后的中段废水可达标排放,实现中段水的循环利用,具有较大的环境效益、经济效益和社会效益。     

生物接触氧化技术处理二级出水中的氨氮

采用生物接触氧化技术,以污水处理厂二级出水为处理对象,研究工艺的生物降解过程及脱氮效果,并分析了影响NH3-N去除效果的几种因素.实验结果表明,水力停留时间3 h,进水COD 80 mg/L,进水NH3-N 15 mg/L的情况下,生物接触氧化技术能有效去除二级出水中的NH3-N,平均去除率为47.6%,出水满足GB/T 18920-2002《城市污水再生利用城市杂用水水质》中的洗车、清扫的要求.     

造纸废水的电离辐射预处理工艺研究

造纸废水是我国污染最为严重的难降解工业废水之一,研究了电离辐射处理造纸废水的可行性,探讨了混凝、辐照以及混凝-辐照组合工艺对废纸造纸废水的COD、BOD<,5>、吸光度、DOC以及有机物相对分子质量分布的影响.实验发现,造纸废水的COD主要是由相对分子质量<3 000的有机物构成,相对分子质量为1 000～3 000的...     

化学法去除污泥中重金属的后续研究

以化学法去除污泥中重金属的后续研究作为主要研究内容,研究了酸化废液终处理以及处理后污泥的资源化利用问题。研究表明:对化学法处理污泥后所产生的酸化废液进行水泥固化处理,通过重金属浸出毒性实验发现,浸出液中所含的重金属含量很低,要远低于国家浸出毒性标准,所以此法用于处置废液是具有一定的可行性的。将处理后的污泥与正常土壤按1:1混合,在其上栽培酸性植物三叶草,植株可以正常生长,通过对植株中的重金属测定,发现污泥中残存的重金属迁移至植株体内的含量较小,不影响植株的正常生长,所以,可将处理后的污泥用于城市园林绿化地等。     

MIEX中试实验对二级出水中有机物去除的3DEEM解析

利用三维荧光光谱研究了磁性离子交换树脂（magnetic ion exchange resin,MIEX）对污水厂二级出水中有机物的去除特征.结果表明,磁性树脂处理二级出水过程中,两级反应过程和进水流量对DOC和UV254有较显著的去除效果,去除率分别达到25.5%～53.5%和27.6%～52.2%,其中50 L.h-1流量条件下,出水中DOC和UV254浓度分别为3.29 mg.L-1和0.057cm-1.水中芳香族蛋白质或酚类物质和类腐殖酸物质荧光强度较高,磁性树脂使二级出水中色氨酸类芳香族蛋白质、芳香族蛋白质、腐殖酸类荧光强度分别下降38.2%、85.8%和85.7%,腐殖酸和富里酸峰消失,并露出溶解性微生物代谢产物荧光峰.不同进水流量条件下,色氨酸类芳香族蛋白质荧光强度下降率和芳香族蛋白质或酚类物质荧光强度下降率与进水流量的负相关性最好,50～100 L.h-1流量条件对各类荧光物质的去除率影响最大.磁性树脂与二级出水中色氨酸类芳香族蛋白质和芳香族蛋白质或酚类物质有更好的线性置换关系（R2=0.834 8）,磁性树脂对二级出水中芳香族蛋白质或酚类物质的置换作用则最显著（a=850.2）.     

氯化铁用于反硝化同步化学生物絮凝工艺研究

通过小试考察了氯化铁用于反硝化同步化学生物絮凝工艺的可行性.结果表明,在氯化铁投加量（以铁计）为20mg.L-1的条件下,反硝化污泥通过14 d的驯化,可以适应氯化铁的投加,反硝化速率、COD和NO3--N去除效果与空白反应器无明显差异,同时具有较好的TP去除效果,去除率高于80%.氯化铁的投加虽然提高了污泥浓度,但由于污泥中无机物比例增加、密度增大,同时污泥粒径变小,使污泥的沉淀性能与空白反应器中的污泥无明显差异,且SV30值仅为22%左右,小于空白反应器中污泥的27%.投加氯化铁后的污泥比阻平均为1.5×1012m.kg-1,远低于空白反应器中污泥的40.2×1012m.kg-1,浓缩后污泥的体积减少和比阻的降低有利于污泥的后续处理.     

催化湿式氧化法处理桉木CTMP模拟废水

通过浸渍法制备固载金属非均相型催化剂,用于催化湿式氧化处理桉木CTMP模拟废水。结果表明:在焙烧温度400℃,焙烧时间4h,浸渍液浓度为6%,浸渍时间为5h下制得的CuO/γ-Al2O3催化剂的催化活性最好;在反应时间为8h,鞣酸溶液pH为4.5,H2O2加入量为0.2mL,催化剂用量为4g的条件下处理鞣酸溶液的效果最好,鞣酸去除率>90%。     

Controlling various contaminants in wastewater effluent through membranes and engineered wetland

For effective wastewater reclamation and water recovery, the treatment of natural and effluent organic matters (NOM and EfOM), toxic anions, and micropollutants was considered in this work. Two different NOM (humic acid of the Suwannee River, and NOM of US and Youngsan River, Korea), and one EfOM from the Damyang wastewater treatment plant, Korea, were selected for investigating the removal efficiencies of tight nanofiltration (NF) and ultrafiltration (UF) membranes with different properties. Nitrate, bromate, and perchlorate were selected as target toxic anions due to their well known high toxicities. Tri-(2-chloroethyl)-phosphate (TCEP), oxybenzone, and caffeine, due to their different K _ow and pK _a values, were selected as target micropollutants. As expected, the NF membranes provided high removal efficiencies in terms of all the tested contaminants, and the UF membrane provided fairly high removal efficiencies for anions (except for nitrate) and the relatively hydrophobic micropollutant, oxybenzon. Through the wetlands, nitrate was successfully removed. Therefore, a fair process of combining membranes with an engineered wetland could be proposed for sustainable wastewater reclamation and optimum control of contaminats.