Heavy metal depuration in flat tree oysters isognomon alatus under field and laboratory conditions

Oysters Isognomon alatus containing high concentrations of Zn, Cu, Pb and Cd were collected from the Sepang Besar River, and transferred to the Sepang Kecil River where the native oysters contain low metal concentrations. Concentrations of heavy metals in oysters were measured monthly over six months. The concentrations of all metals decreased significantly (p<0.05) for Cd 87%, Pb 83%, Cu 78%, and Zn 59%. In addition, metal depuration in oysters was investigated under laboratory conditions. Oysters were exposed to 100?µg?g^?1 of metals for two weeks followed by one week of depuration. Our studies suggest that metals in oysters tend to be lost in the order, Cd>Pb>Cu>Zn. A comparison between laboratory and field data showed that depuration of metals under the laboratory conditions is significantly faster than in the field.     

Risk assessment in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and African mud catfish (Clarias gariepinus) exposed to cassava effluent

Toxicity of cassava effluent in water on aquatic lives was examined via acute and chronic bioassay experiments on Clarias gariepinus (I) and Oreochromis niloticus (II) under laboratory conditions, using standard procedures. The effluent cyanide concentration exceeded the WHO limit for wastewater. Fish body weights and haematological parameters (HMP) significantly decreased with increasing effluent concentration at p≤0.05. Toxicity on HMP for the respective (I) and (II) varied from 5.4 to 52.8; 4.8 to 51.9% for packed cell volume, 4.1 to 43.9; 5.3 to 64.0% for red blood count, 0.0 to 15.7; 0.0 to 61.4% for white blood count, 3.6 to 45.9; 5.2 to 49.5% for haemoglobin, 11.6 to 71.9; 28.4 to 63.8% for total protein, 11.5 to 75.5; 15.0 to 58.2% for albumin and 11.8 to 75.0; 46 to 83.9% for globulin. Acute exposure yielded 96-h LC₅₀ values of 0.45% for (I) and 0.25% for (II) and chronic exposure caused reduced growth and poor blood quality.     

Characterization of the dissolved organic matter in sewage effluent of sequence batch reactor: the impact of carbon source

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) transformation in sequence batch reactor (SBR) fed with carbon sources of different biodegradability was investigated. During the biologic degradation process, the low molecular weight (MW) fraction (< 1 kDa) gradually decreased, while the refractory compounds with higher aromaticity were aggregated. Size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and fluorescence of excitation emission matrices (EEM) demonstrated that more biopolymers (polysaccharides or proteins) and humic-like substances were presented in the extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) extracted from the SBR fed with sodium acetate or glucose, while the EPS from SBR fed with slowly biodegradable dissolved organic carbon (DOC) substratestarch had relatively less biopolymers. Comparing the EfOM in sewage effluent of three SBRs, the effluent from SBR fed with starch is more aromatic. Organic carbon with MW>1 kDa as well as the hydrophobic fraction in DOM gradually increased with the carbon sources changing from sodium acetate to glucose and starch. The DOC fractionation and the EEM all demonstrated that EfOM from the effluent of the SBR fed with starch contained more fulvic acid-like substances comparing with the SBR fed with sodium acetate and glucose.     

A COMPARISON OF METHODS AND INSTRUMENTATION OF BIOLOGICAL EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS1

ABSTRACT: Rapid biological information systems using aquatic organisms to monitor water and waste water quality have only recently begun to develop technologically for practical on-site applications. One approach which has been demonstrating its feasibility recently monitors the ventilatory behavior of fish to assess, for example, the quality of drinking water supplies and industrial waste water discharges. A comparison of the basic strategies of the various biological monitoring systems making use of this concept is presented. In addition, the applications and potential utilization of these systems are discussed.     

生物酶在医院污水处理中的应用研究

处理医院污水常用的工艺有A2/O工艺和AB工艺,以上两种工艺存在磷酸盐及氨氮去除与水温等工艺条件相关因素有关,而造成处理效果不稳定,经试验采用生物酶改良剂＋SBR反应器处理医院污水,加入生物酶原液为50 000 mg/L加入一定数量,按SBR工艺条件控制,经处理后,COD去除率达90%以上,出水中磷酸盐及氨氮浓度达到综合废水一级排放标准。在SBR反应器中,当生物酶与医院污水比例为0.1/10 000-1/10000时,对COD的去除率显著提高,在处理医院污水时,曝气时间4 h,此时COD去除率小于90%。能加速聚磷菌对磷的释放和吸收,可使出水达到或接近一级排放标准,同时在好氧段生物酶能显著提高NH3-N的硝化速度,能将硝化时间缩短2h,从而降低了医院污水的处理成本。     

再生铅行业废气中铅排放标准及其应用的有关问题探讨

从中国再生铅行业废气中铅排放标准及其应用两个方面进行初步探讨,对中国再生铅行业废气中铅排放标准及其应用存在的问题进行了分析,根据再生铅行业污染源排放调查结果,结合现有特征污染物铅的排放标准和污染控制工艺所能达到的水平,建议尽快制订再生铅行业污染物排放标准。     

我国北方城市污水处理厂二级处理出水的水质特性

将生活污水二级处理出水分离为悬浮态、近胶体态和溶解态物质,并分别进行了分析.结果表明,溶解态COD占二级出水总COD的78.2%～86.5%,而悬浮态COD仅占10.1%～17.0%,近胶体态COD最高占4.8%;溶解态TOC占二级出水总TOC的82.6%～86.6%;悬浮物中有机组分占物质总量的75.54%～89.93%;二级出水中80%的颗粒分布在2.00～6.84 μm之间;二级出水的可生化性较差：BOD₅/COD为0.19５～0.28３, BDOC/DOC为0.156～0.26.溶解性有机物和悬浮性有机物的GC/MS分析表明,具有环状结构的化合物分别占各自总化合物的58%和35%.分析认为,二级出水中大多为难降解有机物,可生化性很差,要实现较高的去除效率,必须首先改善其可生化性,才能充分发挥后续生化工艺净化有机物的潜力.     

对国家污染物排放（控制）标准体系的探讨

在介绍中国环境保护标准体系发展概况的基础上,对国家污染物排放（控制）标准的体系结构、内容设置进行了研究,探讨了新时期国家污染物排放（控制）标准的发展趋势,结合实例分析了水污染物特别排放限值、有毒污染物的监控等在新颁布的排放（控制）标准中的适用要求。     

pH值对SBR生物反应器出水溶解态有机质含量与构成的影响

为探讨污水二级生化出水中有机物(EfOM)的构成特点和变化规律,采用配置生活污水,对不同pH值运行条件下, SBR生物反应器出水中的溶解态有机质(DOM)含量和构成进行了比较研究.结果表明,运行期间pH值的调节对SBR反应器出水DOM含量与构成的影响均较大.初始pH为6.5的SBR反应器, pH值降低为6.0后,出水DOC由原来的4.0mg·L-1不断升高,进一步提高pH值,能够起到一定的缓解作用;初始pH为8.0的SBR反应器,出水DOC从4.0mg·L-1快速降低并保持在2mg·L-1左右, pH值降低为6.5后, DOC变化不大.单宁酸和蛋白质、碳水化合物、DNA等微生物代谢产物(SMPs)是出水DOM的主要组成部分, pH值对SMPs生成的影响是一个长期的过程,运行过程中降低pH值,造成出水SMPs含量不断升高. pH值对整个循环过程中溶解态有机物降解情况的影响,在厌氧阶段发挥了主要作用,较高pH值有利于厌氧阶段有机物的降解,而好氧阶段的有机物降解受pH值影响不大.     

污水生物处理系统后置化学除磷影响因素分析

通过对污水处理厂二沉池出水的后置化学除磷试验研究,分析了药剂种类、二沉池出水磷浓度和浊度对化学除磷效果的影响。实验结果表明,聚合硫酸铁的化学除磷效果略优于聚合氯化铝。随着进水磷浓度的升高,投加Fe/去除P的摩尔比会明显降低,这可能与化学除磷沉淀物的吸附和络合作用有关。二沉池出水浊度对后置化学除磷具有竞争性影响,较高的出水浊度将增大药剂消耗量。因此,污水处理厂采用化学加药后除磷工艺时,应根据二沉池出水总磷和浊度范围进行最佳投药量试验,并采取自动控制措施根据出水水质调节加药量,确保出水总磷稳定达标。