上海市制药行业废水特征污染因子控制指标分析

制药工业特别是生物制药是上海市六大支柱产业之一,而在制药生产过程中存在着原辅料投入量大产出比小、污染严重的问题。针对制药企业在生产中的原辅材料、工艺过程、产品环节中可能产生有毒有害有机物等进行了调研分析;对比国内外相关排放控制标准,提出了制药工业污废水排放中特征污染因子控制指标的建议。建议补充18种特征污染因子,其中包括1种重金属及无机物、16种有机污染物和1项生物安全因子。     

Effects of ozonation and coagulation on effluent organic matter characteristics and ultrafiltration membrane fouling

Effluent organic matter （EfOM） is the major cause of fouling in the low pressure membranes process for wastewater reuse. Coagulation and oxidation of biological wastewater treatment effluent have been applied for the fouling control of microfiltration membranes. However, the change in EfOM structure by pre-treatments has not been clearly identified. The changes of EfOM characteristics induced by coagulation and ozonation were investigated through size exclusion chromatography, UV/Vis spectrophotometry, fluorescence spectrophotometry and titrimetric analysis to identify the mechanisms in the reduction of ultrafiltration （UF） membrane fouling. The results indicated that reduction of flux decline by coagulation was due to modified characteristics of dissolved organic carbon （DOC） content. Total concentration of DOC was not reduced by ozonation. However, the mass fraction of the molecules with molecular weight larger than 5 kDa, fluorescence intensity, aromaticity, highly condensed chromophores, average molecular weight and soluble microbial byproducts decreased greatly after ozonation. These results indicated that EfOM was partially oxidized by ozonation to low molecular weight, highly charged compounds with abundant electron- withdrawing functional groups, which are favourable for alleviating UF membrane flux decline.     

海上石油生产水的水生生态毒性

采用水生生态毒理学常用的大型蚤(Daphnia magma)和斑马鱼(Brachydaniorerio)以及毒性单位(Tua)法对渤海海上油田的石油生产水进行生态毒性评价和分级.结果表明,这些石油生产水对大型蚤和斑马鱼均表现出一定的毒性效应.其中,水样1和水样3的毒性较大,对大型蚤的Tua分别为151.52和70.96.而对斑马鱼的Tua分别为2.41和2.12.水样3虽经处理,但其生态毒性并未得到明显的改善.水样2对大型蚤和斑马鱼都属于低毒等级,其Tua依次分别为4.39和1.97.可见,大型蚤和斑马鱼可以作为海上石油生产永生态毒性的监测指标,但在生态风险评价中大型蚤比斑马鱼更为灵敏.     

二级出水水质对中试臭氧-微滤工艺运行的影响

在以膜微滤为主的组合工艺对二级出水的处理过程中,二级出水水质可能对于微滤过程中膜污染的发展有较强影响.为此考察了2座污水处理厂及1个中试处理设施的二级出水水质,包括常规水质指标、水中颗粒物粒径分布及树脂吸附分离后不同有机物部分的荧光光谱所表征的有机物组分等对于死端微滤中TMP发展变化的影响.研究结果表明:①颗粒物浓度和颗粒物粒径分布对于微滤过程中的可逆污染有较大贡献;②二级出水中的有机物,尤其是其中的腐殖质部分,对于微滤过程中的不可逆污染有较大贡献.     

混凝—催化臭氧化处理垃圾渗滤液MBR出水

本文研究了混凝—催化臭氧化对垃圾渗滤液MBR出水COD、UV254和色度的去除效果及可生化性能的影响。在pH 11,FeCl3用量800 mg/L的优化条件下,COD、UV254和色度去除率分别为37.8%、61.9%和88.7%。混凝出水催化臭氧化结果表明,3%-Ce/AC催化臭氧化效率最好,COD去除率为33.6%,臭氧消耗系数为1.40 mgO3/mgCOD。经混凝—催化臭氧化处理后,MBR出水的COD、UV254及色度总去除率分别为58.7%、90.8%及98.7%,BOD5/COD从0.036提高到0.375,可生化性明显改善。     

On‐Site Exposure to Treated Wastewater Effluent Has Subtle Effects on Male Fathead Minnows and Pronounced Effects on Carp

This study tested the hypotheses that (1) exposure to treated Water Reclamation Plant (WRP) effluent will induce biological effects in exposed fish that are consistent with environmental estrogen (EE) exposure; and (2) seasonal differences in effluent composition will moderate biological effects. We conducted seven on‐site exposures using a mobile laboratory. Total estrogenicity of effluents was 10‐ to 20‐fold higher during spring than in fall. Common EEs including steroid estrogens, alkylphenols, and bisphenol‐A were ubiquitous. An unusual spike in total estrogenicity identified a combined sewer overflow event. Fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) responded to exposure with subtle changes in vitellogenin concentrations and secondary sex characteristics. An opportunity to assess a common carp (Cyprinus carpio) population permanently sustained inside the Stickney WRP revealed pronounced exposure effects, but also the resilience of biological organisms even under long‐term exposure. In contrast to other studies, no histopathological changes were found. The mobile exposure laboratory proved capable of maintaining U.S. Environmental Protection Agency‐recommended exposure conditions while providing flexibility for rapid deployment at multiple sites with minimal operational disruption. Further studies using this platform hold promise to resolve the convoluted interactions between complex effluents and inherent biological complexity.     

挂膜方法对生物膜特性及生化尾水深度处理的影响

为探索低浓度生化尾水生物深度处理的快速挂膜方法,采用4种方法（投加壳聚糖法、投加铁离子法、接种排泥法和自然挂膜法）进行挂膜,考察其对生物膜主要特性（生物膜量MLSS、胞外聚合物（EPS））和废水处理效果的影响.结果表明：在挂膜期间,投加壳聚糖法有利于生物膜量、EPS迅速增加,两者平均含量达到4种方法中的最大值,分别为（9.26 ±3.30） mg/cm³和（42.51 ±33.49） mg/（gSS）,但其生物膜活性f值最低,污染物的去除效果不是最佳;投加铁离子成膜时,生物膜特性稳定,活性高,污染物去除效果最佳,COD_Cr、NH₄⁺-N、TP去除率分别较快稳定在（66.13 ±2.30）%、（92.03 ±7.72）%和（62.75 ±4.41）%;接种排泥法的生物膜量、EPS均含量、污染物去除效果比投加壳聚糖、铁离子法稍低;自然挂膜法前期对污染物去除率低,稳定时间较长,除TP外,COD_Cr、NH₄⁺-N去除率在挂膜后期与投加壳聚糖法、接种排泥法相差不大.综合地看,投加铁离子法,虽然生物膜量、EPS含量略低于投加壳聚糖法,但生物膜活性高、污染去除效果好,是低浓度尾水挂膜的最佳方法.     

Suspended particle effects on ClO2/ultraviolet light combined disinfection of effluent

The concentration of suspended solids of effluent often varies in a wide range, therefore the dose of ultraviolet light （UV） in disinfection process needs to be adjusted to meet the disinfection criterion at a high frequency, and the desired disinfection effect is difficult to be ensured. The particles size and particle-associated fecal coliform （F.C.） contribution, and their influence on UV disinfection were investigated when ClO2 and UV combined disinfection process was used. The results showed that suspended solids content had a major impact on UV disinfection efficiency, especially the large particle size fraction. Particles （D〉10μm） associated F. C. were difficult to be disinfected and were the main part of the railings of F.C. inactivation curve. Pre-ClO2 oxidation could reduce the number of particles in effluent, and make large particles decrease to small ones. Therefore, the influence of particles on UV disinfection could be reduced after pre-ClO2 oxidation, and the resistance ability to particle loadings of combined process was enhanced. Moreover, the combined process has a lot of advantages, such as low toxicity, low operational/maintenance costs; it is also convenient to be established in the existing wastewater plant or the new planned one.     

Kinetic studies on phosphorus sorption by selected soil amendments for septic tank effluent renovation

A systematic kinetic study of phosphorus (P) sorption by various materials in the soil infiltration system of septic tanks was undertaken by following the time course of P sorption by sorbents in contact with various P solutions over periods up to 360 days. Uptake of P seemed to consist of two distinct stages. Initial uptake was very rapid and this phase was completed in 4 days or less. A slower removal stage followed for some materials over many months. Phosphorus sorption during the fast reaction stage appeared to be associated with the soluble Ca content of the materials. The fast reaction of calcareous materials accounted for the bulk (>70%) of the total P removed. Merribrook loamy sand exhibited the highest proportion of P sorption during the slow phase. It should be noted, however, that for solution P concentrations in the range found in typical effluents (∼ ∼20 mg L⁻¹) the fast reaction phase seemed to be responsible for virtually all P removed. None of the six kinetic formulae examined possessed the sophistication and detail needed to portray accurately the time course of P sorption for all the sorbents investigated. The Elovich equation and the kinetic modification of the Freundlich isotherm expression appeared to provide a reasonable fit of the experimental data.     

自然光和UV辐照下二级出水DOM及毒性的变化

为了探明自然光和紫外光(UV)对二级处理出水中溶解性有机物(DOM)及其毒性效应的削减特性,研究了在自然光和UV两种不同光源的辐照条件下,二级处理出水中DOM的光谱特性、遗传毒性和植物毒性变化,阐明了毒性效应变化的成因.结果表明:相比于自然光照,UV辐照可以明显降低二级处理出水的UV254,并达到21％矿化.自然光和U...