脉冲电吸附技术深度脱氮及分子动力学模拟

针对城市污水处理厂二级出水的氮素指标达不到国家一级A排放标准的问题,采用脉冲开关电源代替了传统电吸附中的直流稳压电源,用活性炭粉末为吸附材料制备电极板,构建了脉冲电吸附反应装置.以NO₃^--N和NH₃-N的去除率为判据,比较了脉冲电吸附法和直流电吸附法在去除模拟废水中氮素的差异,结果表明,60min内,脉冲电吸附法有更高的去除效率,且在脉冲电场占空比50%、频率10⁴Hz的条件下,氮素的去除率最高.利用分子动力学模拟分析得知,在脉冲电场下,水分子中氢、氧原子的取向更随机,相比于直流电场,水分子偶极矩的取向极化作用被弱化,减小了离子的传质阻力,从而提高离子迁移效率.     

A fouling suppression system in submerged membrane bioreactors using dielectrophoretic forces

A novel method was developed to suppress membrane fouling in submerged membrane bioreactors. The method is based on the dielectrophoretic (DEP) motion of particles in an inhomogeneous electrical field. Using a real sample of biomass as feed, the fouling-suppression performance using DEP with different electrical field intensities (60-160 V) and different frequencies (50-1000 Hz) was investigated. The fouling-suppression performance was found to relate closely with the intensity and frequency of the electrical field. A stronger electrical field was found to better recover the filtrate flux. This is because of a stronger DEP force acting on the biomass particles close to themembrane's surface. Above an intensity and frequency value of 130 V and 1 kHz, respectively the permeate flux was reduced due to an electrothermal effect.     

A fouling suppression system in submerged membrane bioreactors using dielectrophoretic forces

A novel method was developed to suppress membrane fouling in submerged membrane bioreactors. The method is based on the dielectrophoretic(DEP) motion of particles in an inhomogeneous electrical field. Using a real sample of biomass as feed, the fouling-suppression performance using DEP with different electrical field intensities(60–160 V) and different frequencies(50–1000 Hz) was investigated. The fouling-suppression performance was found to relate closely with the intensity and frequency of the electrical field. A stronger electrical field was found to better recover the filtrate flux. This is because of a stronger DEP force acting on the biomass particles close to the membrane's surface. Above an intensity and frequency value of130 V and 1 k Hz, respectively the permeate flux was reduced due to an electrothermal effect.     

西安市机动车尾气污染现状及防治对策

文章介绍了机动车主要污染物及其危害,根据近年来西安市机动车的保有量变化情况,对现有数据线性回归可以预测到2015年机动车保有量约为222万辆,运用数学统计的方法计算出2008-2015年机动车尾气中CO、HC、NOx的排放量,据此提出今后西安市防治尾气污染的对策和建议。     

基于改进ANP-TOPSIS的电力应急救援队伍能力综合评估*

针对电力应急救援队伍能力传统评估方法未考虑指标数据类型多样化和权重分配不合理的问题,基于二元联系数理论构建1种改进网络层次分析法（ANP）与逼近理想点排序法（TOPSIS）相结合的综合评估方法,通过研究队伍能力基本属性和动态变化情况,从人员配置、队伍管理、装备配置及实战情况4个方面建立指标体系,利用二元联系数理论统一指标数据类型,结合ANP法确定各指标权重,以某省3队为例进行TOPSIS综合评估,并与AHP-TOPSIS评估结果进行对比分析。结果表明:3队能力水平排序为B>C>A,且ANP-TOPSIS比AHP-TOPSIS更贴合实际,能真实反映队伍能力及薄弱项情况,在实际运用中具有可行性,研究结果可为队伍建设和管理工作提供参考。     

外电流对生物膜空隙率和分形维数分布的影响

采用微切片结合图象分析技术研究外电流(≤25 A/m²)对自养、异养/自养生物膜空隙率和分形维数的影响.结果表明,当没有电流作用时,自养、异养/自养生物膜的空隙率分别由最外层的大约92%和96%减少到最内层的54%左右;分形维数分别由1.1和1.05逐渐增大到最内层的1.4左右.随着通过反应器的电流密度增大,2种生物膜的最外层空隙率均略有下降,分形维数略有增大,而在生物膜内层,空隙率和分形维数受电流影响均不太明显.     

电场预处理强化微藻处理猪场废水的效果优化研究

近年来,基于微藻的废水处理技术受到越来越多的关注,但猪场废水所具有的高色、高浊、高盐等水质特点限制了微藻的处理效果和生长情况.为解决该问题,本研究考虑采用电场处理技术与微藻废水处理相结合的思路,对猪场废水厌氧消化出水进行深度处理.先比较4种不同阳极材料（石墨、铝、不锈钢、钛）的废水预处理效果,再进一步考察各组电场预处理对后续微藻废水处理效果和生长情况的影响.结果表明：不锈钢组和铝组对色度和浊度均表现出了较好的去除效果（92.44%和83.72%;99.83%和99.74%）.此外,经电场预处理后的微藻废水处理效果和生长情况均有明显的提升,其中不锈钢组和铝组最终生物量分别达到2.22、1.89 g·L^-1,远高于对照的原水组.而不锈钢组和铝组中的叶绿素a含量浓度分别增至接种时的11.48倍和9.89倍.这说明将电场预处理与微藻废水处理相结合,可以有效提高污染物去除效果,同时获得更大的有价生物质资源的产量,实现更好的技术经济性和可行性,为该工艺的推广应用提供理论基础和技术支撑.     

应用PART5模式计算机动车尾气管的颗粒物排放

采用修正的PART5模式获得了北京市机动车尾气管的颗粒物(PM10和PM2.5)排放因子.在此基础上,计算了北京市1995和1998年机动车PM10和PM2.5的排放总量,并确定了分车型的排放分担率和颗粒物中各组分(铅、硫酸盐、可溶性有机物和残余碳等)的比例.结果表明,北京市机动车PM10和PM2.5的平均排放因子很高,其中汽油车、摩托车和重型柴油车的排放因子分别是美国同期水平的1.7～8.6倍、2.1～3.5倍和1.3～1.5倍.1995年北京市机动车尾气管排放的PM10和PM2.5分别为2445t和1890t,1998年则分别增至3359t和2694t,增加的幅度为37.4%和42.5%.     

Some Aspects of Vehicle Active Safety

Three selected aspects of vehicle active safety are presented in this article: (a) modeling the driver and the driver–vehicle environment system, (b) the dynamic aspects of vehicle rollover, and (c) an analysis of the process of passing. Sample solutions and results show the need for further research in the field of vehicle safety in order to lower the probability of drivers, passengers, and other road users being involved in road accidents.     

新能源汽车之电磁兼容性分析

根据新能源汽车的组成特点,结合实际工作经验,对新能源汽车的电磁兼容性进行分析阐述,以在工程应用具有实践和指导意义。