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421.
State governments in the United States have adopted a number of policies to encourage the production of electricity from “green” energy sources. While these state-level policies have been shown to stimulate green electricity development, the rate at which such policies have been adopted by the states differs significantly. This paper examines the potential influence of a state's particular social, political, and economic interests on its propensity to adopt green electricity policies. We use an empirical model that combines various social, political and economic indicators as explanatory variables of a state's likelihood to adopt four specific green electricity policies: renewable portfolio standards, net metering rules, public benefits funds, and generation disclosure rules. Using binary logistics regressions, the results suggest that social interests, measured by the level of income, the level of education, and the degree of participation in environmental lobbying groups, are positively linked to the adoption of green electricity policies. Similarly, political interests as measured by the pro-environment voting by states’ representatives in the U.S. Congress, also play a positive role in the adoption of such policies. 相似文献
422.
Rosen Johannes Fichtner Wolf Rentz Otto 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2004,9(2):121-146
Determining adequate baselinesis a major methodological problem whenquantifying emissions reductions achievedwith the project-based flexibilitymechanisms. Possible methodologies forbaseline setting may be classified intomulti-project and project-specificapproaches. While multi-project approachesprovide baselines for a series of typicalprojects within a certain geographicregion, a sector, or a load range,project-specific (orproject-by-project/single-project)approaches only cover one specific project.Project-by-project baseline approaches havebeen tested extensively within theActivities Implemented Jointly (AIJ) pilotphase; multi-project methodologies, on theother hand, have only rarely been applieddue to the (perceived) political andeconomic complexity of the issue, whichmakes the process of introducingstandardised baselines a very sensitivetask. In particular, there is a lack ofmulti-project baseline approaches takingadvantage of optimising computer modelswithin the electricity sector, even thoughother fields of research have made use ofsuch models quite successfully in the past.Experiences made in the PROBASE projectwith the calculation of standardised,aggregated multi-project baselines forJI/CDM projects using optimising energysystem models are illustrated in this paperfor South Africa, Russia, and Indonesia.Increased transparency and credibility ofstandardised approaches along withpotentially lower transaction costs areidentified as the main arguments for theiruse and further development. In addition,the text gives recommendations wheremodel-based baseline standardisation canpreferentially be applied. 相似文献
423.
雷振华 《湖南环境生物职业技术学院学报》2004,10(2):156-159
会计信息失真是当前严重影响社会经济正常秩序的一个突出问题.会计信息失真的表现形式是多样化的,因而导致会计信息失真的原因也是多种多样的,而且比较复杂,其原因并非正式约束机制的软化及正式约束机制的滞后和缺乏,为治理会计信息失真,必须从制度方面和技术方面两方面共同努力. 相似文献
424.
本文建立了新疆生产建设兵团农垦城镇类、等、级及基准地价的城镇土地等级体系,为兵团农垦城镇不同层次的土地管理提供了科学依据,对深化我国土地有偿使用制度改革,建立健全合理的土地市场,实现土地资源资产化等具有较好的理论和实践探索意义。 相似文献
425.
利用垃圾填埋沼气发电走垃圾资源化道路 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
针对我国垃圾产生量大,以填埋处理方式为主的状况,介绍了垃圾填埋沼气发电的原理、技术和国内外现状等,提出要利用垃圾填埋产生的沼气进行发电使城市垃圾化害为利,变废为宝,实现垃圾资源化。 相似文献
426.
Tran Minh Tuyen Axel Michaelowa 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2006,11(3):723-740
For projects under the UNFCCC Kyoto Protocol Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), a baseline has to be set to allow calculation
of the greenhouse gas emissions reductions achieved. An important obstacle to CDM project development is the lack of data
for baseline definition; often project developers do not have access to data and therefore incur high transaction costs to
collect them. The government of Vietnam has set up all necessary institutions for CDM, wants to promote CDM projects and thus
is interested to reduce transaction costs. We calculate emission factors of the Vietnam electricity grid according to the
rules defined by the CDM Executive Board for small scale projects and for large renewable electricity generation projects.
The emission factors lie between 365 and 899 g CO2/kWh depending on the specification. The weighted operating and build margin reaches 600 g for 2003, while grid average reaches
399 g. Using three-year averages, a combined build and operating margin of 705 g is calculated. We hope that these data facilitate
CDM project development in the electricity supply and energy efficiency improvement in Vietnam. 相似文献
427.
J. Woods Sarah Hemstock William Burnyeat 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2006,11(2):461-492
Read, Sims and Adams (2001) detailed a case study for bio-energy implementation in a notional small Pacific Island and elaborated
a theoretical model for assessing and simulating the socio-economic impacts of a particular bio-energy system designed to
produce an exportable liquid fuel along with rural electricity supplies. An important conclusion was that there is no silver-bullet
‘one size fits all’ bio-energy system suited to all situations. Moreover, a system appropriate at one place and time may become
obsolete with exogenous technological advance and/or as a community advances down its own development pathway. In order to
understand how these issues interact in practice, a selected set of implementation projects is reviewed highlighting scale,
capacity, community, technology, governmental policy and the concept of critical mass, as factors that are central to the
successful development of the bioenergy sector. Through this evaluation, it is shown that: 1.A significant biomass supply
resource base often exists locally in the form of agricultural and forestry residues on which modern bioenergy programmes
could be initiated. The use of biomass energy flow charts are an important tool for evaluating the potential of local and
national resources. 2. Without an integrated multi-disciplinary, multi-sector and whole-systems approach to the implementation
of bioenergy schemes, long term success is likely to remain elusive. 3. There is a requirement at the national level for a
coordinated approach with strong policy signals that overcome perverse and practical obstacles. 相似文献
428.
城市水资源供需系统优化分析 总被引:10,自引:1,他引:10
运用系统动力学的方法,研究了城市水资源供需系统的优化分析。系统中主要包括了人口、工业生产、水资源供应和污染等4个状态变量,其中总可供水量是系统的控制变量;得出水价和水污染整治投资比例是两个关键因素,系统运行结果表明,只有二者相互协调,共同发挥作用,才能保证城市水资源的可持续利用,缺一不可。论文以长春市为例,分析了城市水资源供需系统的动态变化,并提出了解决水资源短缺以及水体污染的控制方案。 相似文献
429.
430.