Heterogeneous Sulfate Formation on Dust Surface and Its Dependence on Mineralogy: Balloon-Borne Observations from Balloon-Borne Measurements in The Surface Atmosphere of Beijing, China

This study focuses on providing a direct insight into the process by which sulfate is formed on mineral dust surface in the actual atmosphere. Six sets of aerosol measurements were conducted in the outskirts of Beijing, China, in 2002–2003 using a tethered balloon. The mineralogy of individual dust particles, as well as its influence on the S (sulfur) loadings was investigated by SEM-EDX analysis of the directly collected particles. The mixed layer in the urban atmosphere was found to be quite low (500–600m), often appearing as a particle dense stagnant layer above the surface. It is suggested that mineral dust is a common and important fraction of the coarse particles in Beijing (35–68%), and that it is relatively enriched with Calcite (>28%). An exceptional amount of S was detected in the mineral particles, which can be explained neither by their original composition, nor by coagulation processes between the submicron sulfates and the dust. Heterogeneous uptake of gaseous SO₂, and its subsequent oxidation on dust was suggested as the main pathway that has actually taken place in the ambient environment. The mineral class found with the largest number of particles containing S was Calcite, followed by Dolomite, Clay, Amphibole etc., Feldspar, and Quartz. Among them, Calcite and Dolomite showed distinctly higher efficiency in collecting sulfate than the other types. A positive correlation was found with the number of S containing particles and the relative humidity. Calcite in particular, since almost all of its particles was found to contain S above 60% r.h. On the other hand, the active uptake of SO₂ by the carbonates was not suggested in the free troposphere downwind, and all the mineral classes exhibited similar S content. Relative humidity in the free troposphere was suggested as the key factor controlling the SO₂ uptake among the mineral types. In terms of sulfate loadings, the relationship was not linear, but rather increased exponentially as a function of relative humidity. The humidity-dependent uptake capacity of mineral types altogether showed an intermediate value of 0.07 gSO₄ ²⁻ g⁻¹ mineral at 30% r.h. and 0.40 gSO₄ ²⁻ g⁻¹ mineral at 80%, which is fairly consistent with laboratory experiments.     

废铁屑—H2O2法处理炼油厂含酚废水

用废铁屑作催化剂，Ｈ２Ｏ２作氧化剂，对炼厂汽提后含硫废水进行了除酚试验研究，考察了初始ＰＨ、Ｈ２Ｏ２投加量、废铁屑投加量对酚去除率的影响。对含酚量为３３１．５ｍｇ／Ｌ的废水，将其初始ＰＨ调至７．２，３０％Ｈ２Ｏ２的投加量为７．５ｍＬ／Ｌ，废铁屑的投加量为３－８ｇ／Ｌ，经２ｈ反应后，酚的脱除率可达９９．９％。     

催化动力学光度法测定环境中痕量钒的研究

基于Ｖ（ｖ）在ＫＨＰ－ＫＣｌ缓冲溶液中，邻苯二酚活化剂存在下，对溴酸钾氧化邻苯二胺的催化作用、建立了一个测定环境样品中痕量钒的催化动力学光度法。检出限为０．０２ｎｇ／ｍｌＶ，线性范围是０．４－１４ｎｇ／ｍｌＶ，该法用于煤，降尘，人发和尿中钒的测定，结果满意。     

催化显色分光光度法测定水中银

论述了目前测定水中银的常见方法，验证了银对亚铁氰化钾与邻菲罗啉反应的催化作用，建立了测定水中银的催化显色分光光度法。     

工业挥发性有机物处理技术分析与展望

挥发性有机物(VOCs)是大气污染物的主要来源之一。对现有工业VOCs处理技术进行了归类及概述,总结了各类技术中主要方法的工作原理、技术特点、适用范围和应用现状,包括吸收法、吸附法、膜分离法、冷凝法等回收技术,热氧化(燃烧)法、生物降解法、低温等离子法、光催化法等非回收消除技术,以及工业上典型的VOCs集成组合治理技术。指出,集成组合治理技术的研发是该领域未来的发展方向。     

酚焦油资源化技术研究(Ⅰ)--先初馏再催化裂解

开发出一种将酚焦油先初馏再催化裂解的回收处理新工艺及LZ—1型催化剂。在初馏温度为340—360℃、真空度为0．07—0．09MPa的条件下，初馏液体产品的平均收率为86．67％；在催化裂解温度为320—340℃，LZ—1型催化剂的加入比为2．5％—3．0％、裂解时间为3—4h的条件下，催化裂解产物的平均收率为90．96％。     

蒽醌染料生产废水处理工艺研究

采用脱硫、混合初沉、微电解、中和沉淀、催化氧化、混凝沉淀、生化工艺，可以对蒽醌染料生产废水进行有效的处理，COD（平均值）可从66000mg/L以上降至96mg/L左右，色度（平均值）可从8000倍降至90倍以下，基本可以实现达标排放。     

整装催化转化器中CO氧化的数值模拟

研究整装催化转化器中CO氧化的起燃过程.建立了起燃过程数学模型,通过数值计算,分析和讨论了起燃过程中温度的变化,气流性质和催化剂性质各种参数对转化器起燃性能的影响.结果表明,在起燃过程中,壁温峰值的位置逐渐向催化剂入口处移动;固相导热系数在反应点火前后对壁温峰值位置的影响不同;增大CO浓度、增大气体流速、降低气体温度会延迟催化剂的起燃;缩短催化剂长度、增大孔密度有利于起燃.参数分析有助于反应器的设计和建模.     

PDO-1型装置在化工和制药废水处理中的应用

化工和制药废水污染物浓度高、毒性大、含盐量高,常规的生物方法对高CODCr、低BOD5、高色度废水进行处理后难以达到排放标准.本文建立了PDO-1型废水处理装置,它由臭氧发生器、高压电晕发生器以及反应器组成.应用该装置对10个化工、制药企业的高浓度有机废水进行了处理.结果显示,CODCr,的降解率为10.34%～69.49%,本装置对不同废水的降解效率存在差异.化工制药废水的成分复杂,目前尚不能对某种废水的处理效果进行预测,只能通过小试确定.若O3投加量为50 mg·L-1,吨水处理费用约为3.68元/T废水;设备处理能力若为1～5 T·h-1,则设备总投资为7.6～23万元.本方法主要用于医药、化工高浓度难降解废水或车间分质收集的高浓度废水的预处理,使之有利于后续生化处理和达标排放.     

CWAO降解正丁酸升温过程反应条件的优化

文章研究了正丁酸原液TOC浓度、催化剂用量、反应温度、氧气分压对Mn-Ce催化剂催化湿式氧化正丁酸升温反应过程的影响,建立了催化湿式氧化降解正丁酸升温反应过程的非线性回归模型,经计算,模型的可决系数r2和模拟效率系数NSC的值分别为0.9946和0.9352,均达到0.80以上,表明所建模型可以较准确预测催化湿式氧化过程中残余的正丁酸浓度;在非线性回归模型基础上,进行了催化湿式氧化降解正丁酸升温反应过程影响因素的最优取值研究,结果表明在最优反应条件下,催化湿式氧化降解正丁酸的实验总费明显低于实验条件取值的总费用。