考虑逆向物流的应急物资配置流程SPN建模分析

应急物资的高效快速配置是降低灾害损失和顺利实施应急救援的有力保障。应急逆向物流包括废旧物资的回收利用以及可重复利用物资的回收再利用,能起到缓解应急物资匮乏,减少环境污染的作用。本文根据随机Petri网理论,构建考虑逆向物流的应急物资配置模型,通过对同构于该模型的马尔可夫链进行仿真,求得各种状态的稳态概率,结合马尔可夫链性质对关键因素进行静态分析和动态分析;通过“雅安地震”的案例应用表明,当地震灾害发生时,此模型可以反映各因素对应急物资配置整体流程的影响,并通过数值变化趋势反映不同条件下应急物资配置的关键环节,可以为灾后救援和应急物资的利用提供理论支持。     

Disentangling horizontal pay dispersion: Experimental evidence

Although horizontal pay dispersion has been explored extensively using cross‐sectional field methods, it has received little attention using the control available through experimental designs. Many of the questions relevant to pay dispersion research can be addressed by taking an individual‐level experimental approach because this allows for clean separation of pay policies and individual effects. In this paper, we hypothesize both the motivation‐based and affect‐based effects of pay dispersion policies and test our hypotheses with a sample of over 400 participants in a real‐pay, real‐effort experiment. Results of the experiment provide support that two pay dispersion‐related pay policies, performance‐based pay dispersion and allocation criteria, have unique effects. Whereas motivation and performance effects are direct, pay satisfaction and interest in continuing work effects are the result of interactions, incorporating the performance level of workers. In follow‐up analyses, we find evidence that the temporal nature of responses to pay dispersion should be incorporated into future studies of pay dispersion.     

An interpersonal perspective of perceived stress: Examining the prosocial coping response patterns of stressed managers

We adopt an interpersonal perspective and examine the adaptive effects of managers' perceived stress on their behavior towards subordinates. Drawing from the transactional model of stress (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984), we advance a model that highlights the propensity for stressed managers to engage in prosocial coping behaviors towards their employees, which in turn are related to lower levels of turnover and higher levels of job performance. We tested our predictions in a sample of 281 employees and their 53 managers working in a clothing retailer in Turkey. Consistent with predictions, we found positive effects of managers' perceived stress on their prosocial coping behaviors and employee outcomes. Managers' perceived stress was positively related to sharing credit with employees for managers who held positive implicit prototypes about employees. Results also indicated that managers' perceived stress was positively related to sharing knowledge with their subordinates regardless of implicit follower prototypes. Both sharing credit and sharing knowledge, in turn, were related to turnover intentions and actual turnover, and sharing credit was related to job performance. This study extends past work by adopting an interpersonal perspective of stress and demonstrating that managerial stress can have positive effects on employee outcomes via prosocial coping behaviors.     

中国与欧洲禾谷镰刀菌DON毒素HPLC定量比较分析

选用4个来自中国、7个来自欧洲的代表性禾谷镰刀菌菌株,经脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(DON)毒素特异引物鉴定,确认其具有产生DON毒素的遗传物质基础后,接种于PDB培养基培养7d,从培养基上清中经硅胶柱分离、纯化DON毒素,经HPLC定量分析表明,纯化的禾谷镰刀菌DON毒素,与购自公司的DON毒素标准样品一样,其HPLC检测谱峰清晰明显,基线平稳,无干扰,保留时间为9.5min左右;供试菌株的DON毒素含量分布在0.023~1.934μg/mL之间,德国菌株F703产毒量最大,比位居第二的中国菌株5005(1.232μg/mL)高57%;其余的6个欧洲菌株中,除意大利菌株Lor9(0.128μg/mL)略低于另一个中国菌株7105(0.135μg/mL)外,均比3个中国菌株(4020、7105、8029)的产毒量大.欧洲镰刀菌产生DON毒素的能力远远大于中国菌株,这说明欧洲菌株长期在欧洲生态环境下已演变形成其特有的高毒素代谢类型,我国有必要严防欧洲禾谷镰刀菌入侵,加强对来自欧洲的禾谷类粮食及其产品的镰刀菌和毒素的检疫和监控;同时,本研究建立的毒素样品制备与HPLC检测体系可用于准确定量分析样品的DON毒素.图3表2参14     

Reproductive effort of colonial and solitary breeding tree sparrows Passer montanus L.

A total of 250 nestboxes were arranged in five plots in a suburban area of Budapest, Hungary (19°04E, 47°41N). In each plot, 25 were placed at 50 m intervals to simulate solitary breeding and 25 3–5 m apart to simulate colonial breeding. Length of nest building period, feeding frequency, nestling mortality, nestlings' diet, productivity and parental condition were compared for colonial and solitary breeding tree sparrows Passer montanus. Parents with long nest-building periods, including the majority of first-year females, produced fewer young than parents which built over short periods. Parents fed nestlings morefrequently and nestlings had lower mortality in second than first broods; whether or not a third brood was reared was determined by the costs invested in first and second broods. Females that laid a third clutch had reared fewer young in first and second broods and were heavier than females that reared many young in two broods. Colonial birds had higher feeding frequencies, more similar diets and suffered lower nestling mortality than solitary parents for first broods, but they fed less frequently, diets were less similar, and nestling mortality was higher in second and third broods. It is suggested that colonial breeders benefited from the social stimulation of simultaneous feeding in first broods, but the advantage of synchronicity in feeding declined in second broods and the sparser breeding spacing of solitary parents was more advantageous for feeding in second and third broods. Birds that changed nest spacing between broods had fed nestlings less frequently and had higher nestling mortality before changing than birds which retained their spacing. Parents which changed from colonies to solitary nests fed more frequently with lower nestling mortality in the next brood than parents which retained colonial nests for their second (and third) brood. Solitary parents did not show such a relationship. The rearing of three broods caused higher weight loss in colonial than solitary parents.Correspondence to: L. Sasvári     

企业资源计划:ERP的实施、应用与发展

随着计算机网络技术的迅猛发展以及经济一体化和统一国际市场的逐渐形成，包括供应商在内供需链管理已经成为企业生产经营管理的重要组成部分．MRPⅡ系统已经无法满足企业对资源管理的要求．于是，充分利用和管理整体资源的企业资源计划：ERP随之产生．文章主要介绍了ERP的基本概念、基本原理和核心思想并分析了ERP实施的必要性以及应用现状．在此基础上，着重研究和探索我国企业实施ERP失败原因并针对客观实际，提出解决方案．     

Possible causes and consequences of philopatry and breeding dispersal in red-backed shrikes <Emphasis Type="BoldItalic">Lanius collurio</Emphasis>

Studies of animal breeding dispersal have often focused on possible causes, whereas its adaptive significance has received less attention. Using an information-theoretic approach, we assessed predictions of four hypotheses relating to causes and consequences of breeding dispersal in a migratory passerine, the red-backed shrike Lanius collurio. As predicted by the reproductive performance hypothesis, probability of breeding dispersal in females (though not in males) decreased with increasing annual average number of fledglings produced in the past year, but there was no association with conspecific reproductive performance in either sex. The site choice hypothesis, stating that individuals disperse to improve breeding site quality, received support in males only, as dispersal probability was positively associated to a measure indicating low territory quality. The social constraints hypothesis, referring to dispersal in relation to intraspecific interactions, received little support in either sex. The predation risk hypothesis was hardly supported either. Consequences of dispersal were marginal in both sexes because neither fledgling production in females, nor territory quality in males improved after dispersal. In addition, males settled on territories closer to the forest edge than those occupied predispersal, which is opposite to the prediction of the predation risk hypothesis. We conclude that own reproductive success was the major factor determining dispersal behavior in females, whereas territory quality and possibly predation risk were most important in males. Overall, breeding dispersal appeared not to be adaptive in this dense population inhabiting an optimal habitat.     

Influence of hydrogeochemical processes on zero-valent iron reactive barrier performance: a field investigation

Geochemical and mineralogical changes were evaluated at a field Fe0-PRB at the Oak Ridge Y-12 site concerning operation performance during the treatment of U in high NO3- groundwater. In the 5-year study period, the Fe0 remained reactive as shown in pore-water monitoring data, where increases in pH and the removal of certain ionic species persisted. However, coring revealed varying degrees of cementation. After 3.8-year treatment, porosity reduction of up to 41.7% was obtained from mineralogical analysis on core samples collected at the upgradient gravel-Fe0 interface. Elsewhere, Fe0 filings were loose with some cementation. Fe0 corrosion and pore volume reduction at this site are more severe due to the presence of NO3- at a high level. Tracer tests indicate that hydraulic performance deteriorated: the flow distribution was heterogeneous and under the influence of interfacial cementation a large portion of water was diverted around the Fe0 and transported outside the PRB. Based on the equilibrium reductions of NO3- and SO4(2-) by Fe0 and mineral precipitation, geochemical modeling predicted a maximum of 49% porosity loss for 5 years of operation. Additionally, modeling showed a spatial distribution of mineral precipitate volumes, with the maximum advancing from the interface toward downgradient with time. This study suggests that water quality monitoring, coupled with hydraulic monitoring and geochemical modeling, can provide a low-cost method for assessing PRB performance.     

粉末活性炭对膜过滤性能的影响

向一体式膜生物反应器中投加粉末活性炭(PAC),可以显著提高膜的过滤性能,有效缓解膜的污染.研究结果表明:投加PAC的吸附作用减少了由于胞外聚合物(EPS)而引起的膜污染;膜表面PAC颗粒的存在减小了浓差极化层的厚度和水力边界层的厚度,提高了过滤物质的传递速率;膜表面形成的PAC层还可过滤微生物和胶体颗粒,减少了它们到达膜表面的数量.     

有机物对SAD的影响及其数学模拟

通过血清瓶批式实验,研究了不同C/N下葡萄糖和乙酸钠对厌氧氨氧化耦合反硝化系统（SAD）污泥活性及脱氮性能的影响.耦合系统颗粒污泥为在亚硝态氮充足的UASB连续流反应器中培养得到,具有较高的厌氧氨氧化活性和反硝化活性.以葡萄糖为碳源,C/N分别为1,2,4时,厌氧氨氧化活性差异不大,反硝化活性逐渐增加,亚硝态氮最大降解速率分别为0.265,0.345,0.453kgN/（kgVSS·d）;以乙酸钠为碳源,C/N分别为1、2、4时,厌氧氨氧化活性和反硝化活性都无明显差别.相同C/N下,耦合系统以葡萄糖为碳源时的厌氧氨氧化活性较高,以乙酸钠为碳源时的反硝化活性较高.C/N分别为1,2,4时,以葡萄糖为有机物的氨氮最大降解速率分别为乙酸钠的1.15,1.19,1.58倍,以乙酸钠为有机物时反应的亚硝态氮最大降解速率分别为葡萄糖的1.89,1.48,1.15倍.实验的数学模拟结果表明,通过模型的模拟,能较为准确地预测实验过程中氮素的变化趋势,在C/N为1~4时耦合系统中颗粒污泥的厌氧氨氧化活性无较大变化.