钻井液的使用和钻屑的管理

澳大利亚矿产和能源部(DME)根据所处地区的环境敏感性、钻屑处置方式和钻井液的环境性能评估钻井液的使用及其废物排放。环境性能的标准包括基液和整个钻井液的生物毒性、可生物降解性和生物累积性。申请人有责任明确活动的环境领域和可能的环境影响。油基钻井液(OBF)的芳烃含量不超过1%,附在钻屑上的基液干重限值为10%。大钻屑堆可能是海洋低水平烃类渗漏到海洋环境的来源之一,对钻屑堆的移除和处置问题,需要慎重考虑。     

Using Multiple Watershed Models to Predict Water,Nitrogen, and Phosphorus Discharges to the Patuxent Estuary1

Boomer, Kathleen M.B., Donald E. Weller, Thomas E. Jordan, Lewis Linker, Zhi‐Jun Liu, James Reilly, Gary Shenk, and Alexey A. Voinov, 2012. Using Multiple Watershed Models to Predict Water, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus Discharges to the Patuxent Estuary. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 1‐25. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2012.00689.x Abstract: We analyzed an ensemble of watershed models that predict flow, nitrogen, and phosphorus discharges. The models differed in scope and complexity and used different input data, but all had been applied to evaluate human impacts on discharges to the Patuxent River or to the Chesapeake Bay. We compared predictions to observations of average annual, annual time series, and monthly discharge leaving three basins. No model consistently matched observed discharges better than the others, and predictions differed as much as 150% for every basin. Models that agreed best with the observations in one basin often were among the worst models for another material or basin. Combining model predictions into a model average improved overall reliability in matching observations, and the range of predictions helped describe uncertainty. The model average was not the closest to the observed discharge for every material, basin, and time frame, but the model average had the highest Nash–Sutcliffe performance across all combinations. Consistently poor performance in predicting phosphorus loads suggests that none of the models capture major controls. Differences among model predictions came from differences in model structures, input data, and the time period considered, and also to errors in the observed discharge. Ensemble watershed modeling helped identify research needs and quantify the uncertainties that should be considered when using the models in management decisions.     

防护服对消防员工效性能影响的定量研究*

为开发高性能防护服以提升救援效率,基于人体试验,测量受试者穿戴灭火防护服、半封闭防化服、全封闭防化服以及基础服装（对照组）时静态条件下左右手握力值、疲劳度（RPE）和活动受限程度,通过方差分析、接受者操作特征（ROC）曲线图、相关性分析进行定量研究。研究结果表明:灭火防护服对消防员工效性能影响大于防化服,灭火防护服较对照组握力减小32%、RPE增大54%、活动受限程度增大35倍,且RPE和活动受限程度均与握力呈显著负相关（p<0.001）。研究结果可为消防员个体防护服装设计、测试、性能提升等提供理论支撑,也可为消防员生命安全保障研究提供基础数据。     

三度空间视角下的装配式建筑施工安全绩效评价*

为了解决现有的装配式建筑施工安全绩效评价已不能满足建筑业信息化背景下发展需求的问题,基于“三度空间”视角,从物理、社会、信息3个层面,构建包含6个一级指标以及23个二级指标的装配式建筑施工安全绩效评价体系;阐述各指标之间的相互关联;采用ANP网络模型对各指标赋权;利用灰色聚类法对施工安全绩效指标进行评价。研究结果表明:该评价模型能够分析装配式建筑在社会、物理和信息3个空间维度的安全绩效,得出装配式建筑项目的整体安全绩效水平并识别出关键控制指标,可为装配式建筑安全绩效评价提供新的思路。     

连续曝气SBR快速培养AGS及反应器流态的CFD解析

配制模拟番茄酱废水,在高径比为10的SBR反应器中,考察连续曝气条件下好氧颗粒污泥（AGS）的除污性能和微生物特性的变化。建立流体动力学模型,模拟反应器中气〖CD*2〗液〖CD*2〗污泥三相流的流态,以了解其对污泥颗粒化的影响机理。结果表明：污泥完全颗粒化后,对番茄酱废水中COD、NH3-N和PO3-4-P的去除率分别为94.37%、93.55%和9092%;绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)和厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)丰度显著提高,假丝酵母菌（Candidatus saccharibacteria）为除磷功能微生物;反应器内的流态结构呈环流和旋涡流,水力剪切力的大小与颗粒粒径呈正相关,颗粒形态与流态分布有关。     

上海城区PM2.5中有机组分及硝基芳香化合物分布特征

硝基芳香化合物（NACs）是细颗粒物中含氮化合物的重要组成部分,研究其在大气中的污染特征和季节变化,有助于表征大气细颗粒物中含氮有机化合物特性,并为城市氮氧化物削减提供科学支撑.采集并分析了上海城区2018年3月～2019年2月大气PM_2.5样品,采用超高效液相色谱-轨道阱质谱（UPLC-Orbitrap MS）在PM_2.5样品中定性检测到了2 439～3 695个有机物,内标法定量了9种NACs,春季ρ（NACs）范围为3.12～16.8 ng·m^-3,平均值为9.31 ng·m^-3;夏季ρ（NACs）范围为1.05～9.70 ng·m^-3,平均值4.16 ng·m^-3;秋季ρ（NACs）范围为2.87～36.27 ng·m^-3,平均值9.84 ng·m^-3,冬季ρ（NACs）范围为4.83～56.23 ng·m^-3,平均值为22.37 ng·m^-3. 9种硝基芳香化...     

低浓度下冲击负荷对厌氧折流板反应器的影响

采用一个9.9L的厌氧折流板反应器处理低浓度废水(500mgCOD/L左右),研究了有机冲击负荷、水力冲击负荷对反应器运行性能的影响。结果表明,ABR具有极好的抗冲击负荷的能力,在350%的水力冲击负荷、持续时间2.5h下仅需4h即可恢复原状。ABR受有机冲击负荷的影响较复杂,在50%和100%浓度的有机冲击负荷下,反应器约经8h恢复原来的水平。在低浓度废水的定义范围之内(COD<1000mg/L),进水COD浓度突然上升等有机冲击负荷不会损害ABR反应器的处理性能,相反可有一定的改善作用。ABR反应器的多隔室结构使之存在缓冲区等分区现象,从而提供了良好的抗冲击负荷的能力。     

Development of environmental performance indicators for textile process and product

The increasing demand for environmental performance evaluation of industry requires development of sector-specific environmental performance indicators (EPIs). For the consumer product manufacturing industry, in this case the textile industry, the need to evaluate environmental performance both from process and product life cycle perspectives leads to development of EPIs of process and product dimensions. Such types of EPIs have been developed, with best achievable values being identified, by this study for cotton woven products and wet processing. An in-depth discussion has been presented concerning problems in developing and applying EPIs, while areas for further research are also recommended.     

In-vehicle workload assessment: effects of traffic situations and cellular telephone use

PROBLEM: Assessment of drivers' on-road workload is an important traffic safety consideration. This study was conducted to examine the effects of cellular phone communication on driving performance, with particular emphasis on variations in task demand in different traffic situations. METHOD: Twelve participants were asked to drive on urban roads and motorways with or without concomitant mathematical-addition tests relayed via cellular phone. Measurements included task and driving performance, physiological responses, and compensatory behavior. RESULTS: Analysis of task performance revealed that mean response time was markedly increased (11.9%) for driving on urban roads compared to motorways. The mean driving speed only decreased 5.8% in the presence of phone tasks in comparison to normal driving without distractions. In addition, overall physiological workload increased through compensatory behavior in response to the phone tasks. CONCLUSIONS: Driving with phone use in different traffic environments induced measurable variations in driver workload. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: When faced with heavy traffic, a greater safety margin is typically adopted, with more lowered driving speed and restricted phone use, and it can be assumed that there is a general trade-off between tasks to preserve driving safety.     

蜂蜜中氯霉素残留的检测及净化方法研究

建立了反相高效液相色谱-离子阱质谱法检测蜂蜜中氯霉素残留的方法.前处理采用改良的QuEChERS方法进行快速提取和净化.采用初级次级胺进行固相分散净化,可有效吸附蜂蜜中的糖类及有机色素等杂质.提取物在流动相甲醇:水(0.2%乙酸胺)=45:55(体积比)中,用整体色谱柱进行快速分离和质谱检测.并对MS检测中2种离子化方式(电喷雾ESI及大气压化学APCI)、各种离子化方式下正负离子模式及离子检测方法(总离子检测TIC和选择性离子监测MRM)进行了综合比较,最终确定采用电喷雾电离法(ESI)负离子模式、多反应离子监测(MRM)对氯霉素进行定性定量分析.在0.2～200μg/kgg添加浓度下,添加回收率水平在78%～93%间,变异系数在3.9%以下.该方法的检出限为0.1μg/kg,在0.1～100 μg/L浓度范围内,线性方程为y=58.753x 34867,相关系数R2=0.999 5.