铁锰生物污泥吸附磷

采用扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线能谱仪(EDS)、比表面和孔隙度分析仪等设备,研究了由生物除铁除锰滤柱反冲洗铁锰生物污泥制得的铁锰氧化物的表征性状,并结合等温吸附-解吸和动力学实验研究对铁锰氧化物吸附磷的吸附特性和相关机制进行探究.结果表明:供试铁锰氧化物是球形颗粒聚合体,孔隙发达且多以微孔形式存在,比表面积为285.6m2/g.铁锰氧化物的磷吸附特性可用Langmuir方程和Freundlich方程来描述,相关系数均大于0.9,达到极显著水平,吸附容量为39.06mg/g.中性盐介质(KNO3)中在最大吸附量时P的解吸率为13.04%.铁锰氧化物对磷的吸附焓变△H0为正值,是吸热过程,吉布斯自由能变△G0为负值,该吸附过程是自发进行的.准二级动力学模型可较好地反映供试铁锰氧化物的等温吸附动力学.     

洱海沉水植物残体风浪输移量及其时空分布

为研究洱海沉水植物残体风浪输移特征,掌握由此而引起的N、P变动情况,通过为期1a的野外定点调查,研究了风浪对洱海湖滨带沉水植物作用引起的植物残体向滨岸的输移特征,估算了沉水植物残体带出的N、P质量. 结果表明:①洱海湖滨带有残体输出的沉水植物总计10种,分别为菹草(Potamogeton crispus)、黑藻(Hydrilla verticillata)、轮藻(Eichhornia crassipes)、穿叶眼子菜(P. perfoliatus)、扭叶眼子菜(P. intortifolius)、穗花狐尾藻(Myriophyllum spicatum)、金鱼藻(Ceratophyllum demersum)、马来眼子菜(P. malaianus)、苦草(Vallisneria natans)及微齿眼子菜(P. maackianus);②沉水植物残体风浪输移量存在明显的时序变化,在4次采样中,2009年12月(冬季)风浪输移量最高;③微齿眼子菜和苦草的风浪输移量最大,植物残体风浪输移量主要受沉水植物的分布和生物量的影响;④单位岸线沉水植物残体风浪输移总量在空间上表现为西部(1.91t/km)>北部(1.73t/km)>南部(1.61t/km)>东部(0.86t/km);⑤洱海湖滨带沉水植物残体风浪输移总量约为2.27×103t/a(以鲜质量计),由此可输出的TN为5.64t,TP为0.85t.      

Effects of leaching from alkaline red mud on soil biota: modelling the conditions after the Hungarian red mud disaster

A soil column experiment was set up to investigate the effect of red mud from Ajka (Hungary) on a typical soil profile from the affected area. The chemical changes caused by the red mud leachate and the effects of these changes on living organisms were assessed. Ecotoxicological tests were performed with Vibrio fischeri, Sinapis alba and Folsomia candida and the number of aerobic heterotrophic microorganisms was determined. The total, plant-available, exchangeable and water-soluble fractions of Na, Mo, Cu and Cr increased in the soil, mostly owing to their leaching from the red mud layer, but partly to the increase in the pH and DOC concentration. The chemical changes only had significant effects on the test organisms in the 0–30 cm soil layer, except for F. candida, which also had a lower survival rate in the 30–50 cm soil layer. No severe toxic effects were detected in the test organisms; in fact a stimulating effect was revealed for the aerobic heterotrophic cell number and for S. alba germination. However, the red mud itself was toxic, so the ecotoxicological tests justified the removal of red mud from the soil surface after the disaster.     

Comparative diversity and heavy metal biosorption of myxomycetes from forest patches on ultramafic and volcanic soils

Ultramafic and volcanic soils are exploited for industrial activities such as mining due to their high metal content, thus it is important that species in these areas are documented before irreversible environmental damage sets in. In this study, aerial and ground leaf litter, dead vines and twigs from six forest patches on volcanic and ultramafic soils in the provinces of Bataan, Pangasinan and Zambales in the Philippines were cultured in moist chambers (MC) and assessed for myxomycete diversity. From the 77% positive MC for myxomycetes, a total of 40 species from 14 genera were identified. Despite the higher heavy metal content, forest patches on ultramafic soils had greater species diversity as compared to volcanic soils. In this study, 10 species were abundant in both forest patches, namely Arcyria cinerea, Diachea leucopodia, Diderma effusum, D. hemisphaericum, Didymium ochroideum, Perichaena chrysosperma, P. corticalis, P. depressa, P. dictyonema and Physarum melleum. Selected myxomycetes tested for Cr and Mn content had equal or higher heavy metal levels than that of their leaf substrate. The study hypothesised that the presence of Mn⁷⁺ in fruiting bodies of myxomycetes was due to the phagocytosis of food bacteria inhabiting the substrates on the forest soil laden with heavy metal.     

根表铁锰膜对不同生育期水稻吸收和转运As的影响

采用土壤盆栽试验法,研究不同生育期水稻根表铁锰膜形成及其对As吸收和转运的影响。结果表明,两个水稻品种YD6和NK57均在分蘖期形成的铁锰膜量最多,成熟期形成的铁锰膜量最少。水稻根系和茎叶吸收积累As随着水稻不同品种和不同生育期变化较大,As的吸收和积累与铁锰膜形成存在相关性。与分蘖期相比,YD6和NK57成熟期根系As含量分别减少81.6%和62.1%。孕穗期YD6和NK57茎叶As含量分别比分蘖期减少86.4%和65.5%,比成熟期减少87.8%和67.1%。分蘖期水稻根系和茎叶As含量与DCB-Fe或DCB-Mn浓度均呈显著的负相关关系,而孕穗期水稻根系和茎叶As含量与DCB-Fe浓度呈显著的正相关关系,说明不同生育期铁锰膜对水稻植株吸收和转运As的影响不同。两个水稻品种不同生育期,As均主要富集和分配在根表铁锰膜中,铁锰膜中As的分配比率达62.9%～84.9%。NK57从根表铁锰膜、根系和茎叶向籽粒转运As的能力比YD6强,籽粒中As含量是YD6的2.1倍。结果表明可以通过选育As低积累和低转运的水稻品种,来降低污染地区As对人体健康的威胁。     

Removal of arsenic (V) from aqueous medium using manganese oxide coated lignocellulose/silica adsorbents

Arsenic (V) adsorption on manganese oxide coated rice wastes was investigated in this study. The modified adsorbents were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and pH measurements to determine the point of zero charge. Batch adsorption equilibrium experiments were conducted to study the effects of pH, contact time, and initial concentration on arsenic removal efficiency. The adsorption capacity of rice waste was significantly improved after modification with permanganate. The Langmuir isotherm model fitted the equilibrium data better than the Freundlich model which confirms surface homogeneity of the adsorbent. Maxima adsorption capacities are determined as 10 and 12 mg/g at pH 3 for manganese oxide coated rice husk and straw, respectively. The adsorption energy indicates that the adsorption process may be dominated by chemisorption. Pseudo-second-order rate equation described the kinetics sorption of arsenic with good correlation coefficients, better than a pseudo-first-order equation. Manganese oxide coated rice husk and straw appear to be promising low cost adsorbents for removing arsenic from water.     

芘在土壤不同粒径组分中的形态分布

以芘为PAHs代表物,采用土壤粒径分级和PAHs连续提取方法,研究了老化4周污染黄棕壤中芘在不同粒径组分中的形态分布.结果表明,供试土壤中芘主要以有机溶剂提取态和可脱附态存在,结合态残留量所占比例甚小;细砂粒、粉粒、粗黏粒和细黏粒中芘残留占原土总残留的比例分别为6.00%、4.66%、34.68%和40.88%.各粒径组分中各形态芘含量大小顺序为有机溶剂提取态>可脱附态>结合态,有机溶剂提取态和可脱附态是各粒径组分中芘残留的主要存在形态(占比98.82%以上),芘结合态残留量占比<1.18%.土壤中黏粒(包括细黏粒和粗黏粒)是芘可脱附态、有机溶剂提取态、结合态和可提取态残留储存的主要粒径组分.     

酸化-电动强化修复铬渣场地污染土壤

为解决常规电动修复方法对Cr污染土壤Cr(T)(总Cr)去除效率低的问题,提出了酸化预处理-电动强化修复技术. 以国内某化工厂铬渣堆放场地Cr污染土壤为研究对象,通过改变土壤酸化条件,分析乙酸和柠檬酸的酸化时间、酸浓度(以c计)对电动修复Cr污染土壤中Cr去除率的影响,并对土壤中Cr的形态进行分析. 结果表明:①酸化预处理-电动强化修复技术可以显著提高Cr污染土壤中Cr的去除率,其中0.9 mol/L柠檬酸酸化5 d组Cr(T)和Cr(Ⅵ)的去除率由对照组的6.23%、19.01%分别升至26.97%、77.66%. ②土壤酸化可以将部分Cr由碳酸盐结合态向水溶态转化,进而提高Cr去除率;在适宜的酸浓度范围内,酸浓度越高,土壤释放的Cr越多,Cr去除效果就越好. ③与乙酸组相比,柠檬酸组Cr的去除率较高,因为柠檬酸本身也是一种络合剂,在酸化作用释放碳酸盐结合态Cr的基础上,柠檬酸能与Cr发生络合作用,进一步提升了Cr的去除率. 电动修复过程中迁移出土壤的Cr主要以醋酸可提取态、可还原提取态和可氧化提取态为主,残留Cr的生物可利用性降低.      

Comparing the adsorption behaviors of Cd,Cu and Pb from water onto Fe-Mn binary oxide,MnO2 and FeOOH

The adsorption potential of FMBO, FeOOH, MnO₂ for the removal of Cd²⁺, Cu²⁺ and Pb²⁺ in aqueous systems was investigated in this study. Comparing to FMBO and FeOOH, MnO₂ offered a much higher removal capacity towards the three metal ions. The maximal adsorption capacity of MnO₂ for Cd²⁺, Cu²⁺ and Pb²⁺ were 1.23, 2.25 and 2.60 mmol·g^-1, respectively. And that for FMBO were 0.37, 1.13, and 1.18 mmol·g^-1 and for FeOOH were 0.11, 0.86 and 0.48 mmol·g^-1, respectively. The adsorption behaviors of the three metal ions on the three adsorbents were all significantly affected by pH values and heavy metal removal efficiency increased with pH increased. The Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption models were used to describe the adsorption equilibrium of the three metal ions onto the three adsorbents. Results showed that the adsorption equilibrium data fitted well to Langmuir isotherm and this indicated that adsorption of metal ions occurred on the three metal oxides adsorbents limited to the formation of a monolayer. More negative charged of MnO₂ surface than that of FMBO and FeOOH could be ascribed by lower pH_iep of MnO₂ than that of FMBO and FeOOH and this could contribute to more binding sites on MnO₂ surface than that of FMBO and FeOOH. The higher metal ions uptake by MnO₂ than FMBO and FeOOH could be well explained by the surface charge mechanism.     

广东大宝山矿区锰污染的分布规律和季节影响

以广东大宝山矿区及周边地区为研究区域,对其周边地区的河水、井水中的ρ(Mn2+),土壤和河流(溪)沉积物的w(Mn)进行分析,从水质类型和物理化学风化及季节变化等方面研究了该地区环境中的锰污染分布及季节性变化规律. 结果表明:大宝山及其周边地区存在Ca-SO₄,Mg-SO₄,Ca-Mg-SO₄和Ca-HCO₃ 4种水质类型,其中Ca-SO₄型水质的ρ(Mn2+)最高,达339.003 mg/L,且当水中ρ(Mn2+)大于21.300 mg/L时,ρ(SO₄2－)均超过了2 000 mg/L;水中ρ(Mn2+)与水体酸度相关,同一地点的水样,其酸度越大ρ(Mn2+)就越大.对于不同区域土样的w(Mn)分布变化规律,表现为尾矿库内土壤剖面的w(Mn)在旱、雨季均呈U型分布;旱季库区内溪泥w(Mn)的大小顺序为上游>中游>下游,雨季则完全相反; 此外,库区外的稻田土样中也发现了Mn累积现象.