Quantification, morphology and source of humic acid, kerogen and black carbon in offshore marine sediments from Xiamen Gulf, China

Three types of macromolecular organic matters (MOMs), i.e. humic acid (HA), kerogen+black carbon (KB), and black carbon (BC) were extracted from marine sediments of Xiamen Gulf, southeast of China. The chemical composition, morphological property and source of the three extractions were characterized by elemental analyzer/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (EA/IRMS) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results showed that KB was the predominant fraction in MOMs, which accounted for 61.79%-89.15% of the total organic content (TOC), while HA consisted less than 5%. The relative high contents of kerogen and BC, and low contents of HA in the samples indicated that anthropogenic input might be the major source of organic matter in marine sediments near the industrial regions. The characterization of SEM, not only revealed morphological properties of the three fractions, but also allowed a better understanding of the source of MOMs. The δ 13 C values of the three fractions suggested that materials from terrestrial C 3 plants were predominant. Furthermore, the anthropogenic activities, such as the discharge of sewage, coal and biomass combustion from industry nearby and agricultural practices within drainage basin of the Jiulong River, were remarkably contributed to the variations in δ 13 C values of MOMs in the offshore marine sediments.     

Investigation of the role of biopolymer clusters in MBR membrane fouling using flash freezing and environmental scanning electron microscopy

The technique that employs flash freezing and environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) was utilised for detailed investigation of the fouling materials in a membrane bioreactor (MBR). The method involves the flash freezing of a wet sample in liquid nitrogen for 10 s to preserve its structure for direct ESEM observation with a high image resolution. ESEM images show that the sludge cake formed by simple filtration of the MBR bulk sludge has a highly porous, sponge-like structure with a fairly low resistance. However, the fouling layer attached to the membrane surface contains a thin gel layer under the main body of the sponge-like sludge cake, which is similar to that formed by filtration of a dispersion of biopolymer clusters (BPCs). It is apparent that BPCs tend to accumulate on the membrane surface, and the gel layer is largely responsible for the high filtration resistance of the cake layer on the fouled membranes.     

强电离放电产生臭氧等离子体过程及其应用研究

电子从强电场 (>30 0Td)放电过程中取得的平均能量大于 8.4eV ;促使氧分子分解、分解电离成高浓度的氧原子、氧原子离子 ,从而产生高浓度 (>2 0 0 g/Nm3 )臭氧 ,实现了用电离放电电场的物理量控制臭氧产生浓度、产生效率及臭氧分解速率 ,并实现臭氧产生装置小型化。极大地拓宽了臭氧在环境工程领域上的应用     

链长和官能团对全氟有机酸降解路径的影响

考察了碳链长度和官能团对高强UV/SO₃^2-体系降解全氟有机酸的影响,选取典型全氟有机酸PFOA和PFOS,探明其降解机制.结果表明,高强UV/SO₃^2-体系可高效降解5种全氟有机酸.全氟有机酸的降解速率随着碳链长度的增加而增加.官能团对全氟有机酸的降解有重要影响,全氟羧酸在体系中的降解速率显著快于全氟磺酸.全氟羧酸是从与羧基相连的α碳上的氟原子开始,通过逐步脱CF₂单元的形式生成短链全氟羧酸进行降解.全氟磺酸主要有三条降解路径：脱磺酸基、α位脱氟以及中心C—C键断裂.     

镉、铅在玉米幼苗中的积累和迁移--X射线显微分析

用扫描电镜-X射线能谱仪及原子吸收分光光度计,测定经不同浓度镉、铅处理的玉米根、叶中镉、铅的积累。结果表明,铅的积累为皮层>中柱;木质部薄壁组织>导管。镉则相反。铅主要以非共质体途径在根内横向迁移,镉主要以共质体途径在根内横向迁移。原于吸收分光光度计测定表明,镉、铅主要在玉米根内沉积,镉铅复合作用促进了玉米根叶对镉、铅的吸收,镉比铅更易为玉米吸收且更易从根向叶迁移。     

南北极大气气溶胶单颗粒成分特点研究

运用定量电子探针微区分析技术(EPMA)分别测定了采自北极新奥尔松地区(78?55′N、11?56′E)和南极乔治王岛(62?13′S、58?47′W)极昼天气下PM10大气颗粒物样品.结果表明,北极和南极大气颗粒物化学成分存在很大差异,表现出各自不同的特点.北极的颗粒类型中,“反应的海盐”和“矿物尘”分别占颗粒总数的44%和27%,“新鲜海盐”所占的比例不到10%,“反应的海盐”中以含硝酸盐的颗粒为主,反映了外来物质或人为污染对该地气溶胶影响较大;南极的颗粒类型中,“新鲜海盐”占总数的74%左右,“反应的海盐”占19%,反应的海盐全部含硫酸盐、未发现含硝酸盐的颗粒,推测与海盐反应的含硫物质来源于海洋浮游生物代谢过程产生的二甲硫醚(DMS)及其降解产物,而与人为污染无关.     

四溴双酚A的辐照降解研究

研究了甲醇-水溶液中四溴双酚A(TBBPA)的电子束辐照降解.通过测定辐照前后TBBPA的浓度变化来研究吸收剂量、初始浓度、pH、自由基清除剂对辐照降解效果的影响.结果表明,TBBPA在甲醇-水溶液的辐照降解是还原性逐步脱溴降解过程,自由电子在降解过程中起主导作用,降解反应遵循一级动力学方程.在辐照剂量为10 kGy时,20 mg.L-1的TBBPA有91.6%发生脱溴降解,当向辐照体系充入氮气并且加入叔丁醇,可将TBBPA的降解效率提高到100%,或者调节辐照体系溶液的pH值至12,TBBPA的降解效率也可以达到100%.辐照降解是处理TBBPA的一种有效手段.     

驯化污泥厌氧还原脱氯促进2,4,6-三氯酚矿化及胞外呼吸脱氯途径

厌氧条件下,以乳酸钠为电子供体,2,4,6-三氯酚为电子受体对活性污泥进行驯化,考察了驯化污泥厌氧脱氯的代谢特性.结果发现,污泥可对2,4,6-三氯酚进行高效脱氯,乳酸钠、2,4,6-三氯酚初始浓度为20 mmol·L-1、40~80μmol·L-1时,9~24 h内可实现2,4,6-三氯酚100%初始性降解.中间产物有2,4-二氯酚,但检出浓度较低(4.22μmol·L-1),4-氯酚和苯酚为主要产物.驯化污泥以脱邻位氯(2,4,6-三氯酚,2,4-二氯酚)降解菌为优势种群,对4-氯酚和苯酚的进一步转化有限.厌氧代谢残留物经好氧污泥处理后,4-氯酚(初始浓度33μmol·L-1)2 h实现100%去除.驯化污泥可快速将Fe(Ⅲ)还原为Fe(Ⅱ),并具有较强的腐殖质(AQDS)还原能力,说明驯化污泥中富集了异化铁还原菌.电子介体[Fe(Ⅲ)和AQDS]明显地加速了脱氯速率,在电子介体的介导作用下,污泥可同步进行胞外呼吸脱氯.     

电子束辐照降解水中氧氟沙星的研究

应用电子直线加速器初步探索了水体中氧氟沙星的辐照降解影响条件及降解机理.对初始浓度为20mg/L的氧氟沙星水溶液进行了辐照降解研究,分别选取了0.5kGy,1.0kGy,2.0kGy,3.0kGy,5.0kGy共5个剂量组,以研究辐照吸收剂量对降解效率的影响,同时分别对氧氟沙星水溶液进行空气饱和（水合电子清除剂）、氮气饱和、添加0.005mol/L及0.05mol/L氯化钠、添加0.05mol/L叔丁醇（羟基自由基清除剂）、添加0.005mol/L碳酸钠、添加0.005mol/L硫酸钠等方法进行处理,以探究降解过程中辐照水体产生自由基对氧氟沙星降解的贡献率.结果表明,以空气饱和进行处理,可提高氧氟沙星的降解率,辐照吸收剂量为2.0kGy时降解率可达99%.反之,加入氯化钠、叔丁醇和碳酸钠抑制了氧氟沙星的降解,加入硫酸钠则影响不大,表明羟基自由基在氧氟沙星降解中起关键作用.通过应用超高效液相色谱-质谱（UPLC-MS）对降解产物的分析鉴定,推测出了氧氟沙星的降解转化途径.     

混合菌群生物燃料电池的产电机理与特性

利用厌氧污泥为接种源构建双室微生物燃料电池(Microbial fuel cell,MFC),研究其电子传递机制,并考察其底物利用谱及阴极电子受体对产电性能的影响.结果表明:该MFC主要通过生物膜机制实现电子从有机物到固体电极的传递过程.该混合菌MFC的底物利用谱范围广泛,单糖、二糖、小分子有机酸等有机物均可作为电子供体产电,其中以蔗糖和乳糖为底物产电效果较好,最大功率密度分别为69.69 mW/m2和60.75 mW/m2;而以乙醇为底物时,COD负荷最高,达123.55 mg L-1d-1.阴极不同电子受体对混合菌群MFC的产电性能也有显著影响,其中以KMnO4为电子受体电池性能最好,最大功率密度达1 396.74 mW/m2.