错流式动态膜-生物反应器中污泥活性的研究

应用错流式动态膜-生物反应器(CDMBR)对己内酰胺废水进行了180 d的实验,实验过程中测定反应器的膜出水和上清液的水质,并对污泥进行了耗氧呼吸速率测定.结果表明,上清液COD一直保持在100mg/L以下,而膜出水的则保持在50 mg/L以下,膜对上清液的COD去除率达50%,而对氮的去除没有贡献.可溶性细胞产物(SMP)在反应器内容易积累,停留足够的时间后能被生物降解.通过投加抑制剂测定耗氧呼吸速率,发现异养菌、硝化细菌和亚硝化细菌的活性由于F/M的降低和SMP积累受到一定的抑制,但不影响系统的处理效率.跨膜压力、膜面流速越大,通量衰减得也就越快.     

Determination of microbiological contamination,antibacterial and antioxidant activities of natural plant hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) pollen

The aim of our study is to determine microbial contamination, antibacterial and antioxidant activities of 14 pollen samples of Corylus avellana collected from different locations in Slovakia. Microbiological analysis was carried out in two steps: microbiological assays and studies of antibacterial activity of pollen extracts. The antimicrobial properties of pollen extracts were carried out with the disc-diffusion method. Methanol (70%), ethanol (70%) and distilled water were used for pollen extracts. Five strains of bacteria such as gram-negative (Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica CCM 3807, Escherichia coli CCM 2024, and Yersinia enterocolitica CCM 5671) and gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus CCM 2461 and Bacillus thuringiensis CCM 19T) were tested. Antioxidant activity of pollen extracts was determined by the DPPH method. Bacterial analysis includes the determination of the total bacterial count ranged from 4.08 to 4.61 log CFU g^?1, mesophilic aerobic bacteria ranged from 3.40 to 4.89 log CFU g^?1, mesophilic anaerobic bacteria ranged from 3.20 to 4.52 log CFU g^?1, coliform bacteria ranged from 3.30 to 4.55 log CFU g^?1, yeasts and filamentous fungi ranged from 3.00 to 3.56 log CFU g^?1. Microscopic filamentous fungi Aspergillus spp., Alternaria spp., Penicillium spp., Cladosporium spp., Rhizopus spp., and Paecylomyces spp. were isolated from hazelnut pollen. Yersinia enterocolitica was the most sensitive strain among ethanolic and methanolic pollen hazelnut extracts. Staphylococcus aureus was the most sensitive strain against aqueous hazelnut pollen extracts. We determined the following sensitivity against ethanol pollen extracts respectively: Yersinia enterocolitica?>?Salmonella enterica?>?Staphylococcus aureus?>?Bacillus thuringiensis?>?Escherichia coli. Methanol pollen extracts had shown following sensitivity: Yersinia enterocolitica?>?Salmonella enterica?>?Escherichia coli?>?Staphylococcus aureus?>?Bacillus thuringiensis. Aqueous extracts had shown the following sensitivity: Staphylococcus aureus?>?Salmonella enterica?>?Escherichia coli?>?Bacillus thuringiensis?>?Yersinia enterocolitica. Hazelnut pollen extracts have over 82% antioxidant capacity in samples from non-urban zones. An elevated level of antioxidant potential in the pollen is determined by its biological properties conditioned by biologically active substances. DPPH method allowed characterizing pollen as a source of antioxidants.     

HAZOP和LOPA方法在食品企业氨制冷系统中的应用

为评估食品企业氨制冷系统所处的风险状态,文章在HAZOP方法和LOPA方法理论研究的基础上,将其组合应用于食品企业氨制冷系统的风险评估中,以提前识别可能导致事故的原因和后果,确定现有防控措施是否足够、有效,并将风险控制在可接受水平。通过对氨制冷系统中低压循环桶液位过高场景的实例分析,得出该场景下的剩余风险基本在企业可接受范围内,不需要增加独立安全仪表系统的结论,为食品企业安全管理决策提供了科学依据。     

基于第二次全国污染源普查质量保证的思考及体系建设初探

通过对清查数据的结果分析,确定第二次全国污染源入户普查的对象,基于企业填报、现场入户、资料收集审核、数据核查等具体工作的实施与开展,思考和归总普查工作中影响数据质量的现实问题和难点,初步构建污染源普查质量保证体系,以期为全国污染源普查数据质量保证提供有益参考。     

基于BDD考虑共因失效的接触网系统可靠性分析

为分析共因失效对高速铁路接触网系统的影响，将二元决策图(Binary Decision Diagram，BDD)与共因失效理论引入到接触网系统可靠性分析中。利用逻辑相邻优先组合法(Logic Neighbor Priority Connect，LNPC)将高速铁路接触网系统的故障树模型转化为BDD模型并求取其可靠度表达式，利用隐式方法对考虑了共因失效的接触网系统可靠度进行计算，利用MATLAB绘制考虑共因失效和不考虑共因失效情况下接触网系统可靠度变化曲线。研究结果表明:提出的分析方法适用于接触网系统的可靠性分析，为接触网系统的可靠性分析提供了一定的理论依据。     

TiO2/PANI/Fe3O4光催化磁流体的全流态合成及其光催化和磁回收性能

以Fe3O4磁流体为磁核,经微乳液聚合包覆聚苯胺后制成催化剂载体,再采用低温水热法合成TiO2并使其负载于载体表面,不经过烘干、研磨等步骤,在全程流态的情况下制备出具有复合结构的TiO2/PANI/Fe3O4光催化磁流体。用X射线衍射仪（XRD）、透射电子显微镜（TEM）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、傅里叶红外分光光度计（FT-IR）、振动样品磁强计（VSM）对样品的物相组成、形貌、表面性质和磁学性质进行了表征。以苯酚为模拟污染物,评价其光催化活性;通过自制的磁回收装置,考察其磁回收特性。结果表明：在表面活性剂以及微乳液聚合法的作用下,合成反应过程中的团聚现象得到有效的抑制。在不经过烘干、研磨的条件下,制备出了颗粒均匀、催化活性和磁回收性能良好的TiO2/PANI/Fe3O4光催化磁流体。不仅简化了合成的步骤,同时也避免了研磨等物理作用对催化剂结构的破坏,为光催化磁流体的合成提供了新的思路。     

Transport of volatile compounds in porous media in the presence of a trapped gas phase

The presence of an immobile gaseous phase in an otherwise-saturated porous medium affects the transport of volatile compounds. The linear theory of partitioning tracers suggests that a volatile tracer introduced into such a system should be retarded with a constant retardation factor. Using high concentrations, however, the saturation of the gaseous phase will change as an effect of the tracer test itself. Competitive gas transfer among all volatile compounds and the change of saturation may lead to tracer concentrations that are temporarily higher than those injected. We analyze the system in the framework of the coherence theory by Helfferich [Soc. Pet. Eng. J. 21 (1) (1981) 51]. The governing equations are formulated as functions of total concentration, i.e., the mass of solutes in all phases per pore volume. Neglecting dispersion and mass-transfer kinetics, we derive the characteristic form of the resulting system of hyperbolic equations. In a system with N volatile compounds, a variation of the concentrations splits up into N waves, each traveling with its own characteristic velocity. If the presence of a gaseous phase is sustained, one wave will be a standing one. We perform numerical model calculations for tracers with various Henry's law coefficients and show that the results agree with the semi-analytical solution obtained by coherence theory.     

Biodegradation during contaminant transport in porous media: 4. Impact of microbial lag and bacterial cell growth

Miscible-displacement experiments were conducted to examine the impact of microbial lag and bacterial cell growth on the transport of salicylate, a model hydrocarbon compound. The impacts of these processes were examined separately, as well as jointly, to determine their relative effects on biodegradation dynamics. For each experiment, a column was packed with porous medium that was first inoculated with bacteria that contained the NAH plasmid encoding genes for the degradation of naphthalene and salicylate, and then subjected to a step input of salicylate solution. The transport behavior of salicylate was non-steady for all cases examined, and was clearly influenced by a delay (lag) in the onset of biodegradation. This microbial lag, which was consistent with the results of batch experiments, is attributed to the induction and synthesis of the enzymes required for biodegradation of salicylate. The effect of microbial lag on salicylate transport was eliminated by exposing the column to two successive pulses of salicylate, thereby allowing the cells to acclimate to the carbon source during the first pulse. Elimination of microbial lag effects allowed the impact of bacterial growth on salicylate transport to be quantified, which was accomplished by determining a cell mass balance. Conversely, the impact of microbial lag was further investigated by performing a similar double-pulse experiment under no-growth conditions. Significant cell elution was observed and quantified for all conditions/systems. The results of these experiments allowed us to differentiate the effects associated with microbial lag and growth, two coupled processes whose impacts on the biodegradation and transport of contaminants can be difficult to distinguish.     

城市餐厨垃圾前处理的工艺优化

为提高餐厨垃圾资源化,利用自动化分选设备组合处理餐厨垃圾,考察餐厨垃圾快速减量化和资源化的可行性,对自动化分选前后餐厨垃圾成分进行分析,发现分选前其总量为243.05 t·d-1,TS为12.69%,VS为93.26%,分选后总量为242.00 t·d-1,TS为10.97%,VS为91.93%,其有机物含量稳定,利于厌氧发酵处理的工艺控制;对分选后餐厨垃圾进行厌氧发酵处理,考察其pH和NH4+-N变化,发现反应初期pH值出现弱酸性,NH4+-N浓度较低;随着反应进行,pH稳定在7.6~7.8,NH4+-N浓度约为1 200 mg·L-1左右。最后对厌氧发酵产气量进行考察发现,反应前期受到pH、NH4+-N以及温度等反应条件影响,产气量和甲烷含量较低;随着实验趋于稳定,产气量为22 000 m3·d-1左右,甲烷含量范围在65%~72%。结果表明,使用新型餐厨垃圾预处理设备,其分选效率较高,能提高后续厌氧发酵产气量和甲烷含量,较大程度实现餐厨垃圾资源化。     

TiO2、BiVO4、Cu2O光催化降解低浓度甲醛

比较研究了3种（TiO2,BiVO4,Cu2O）光催化剂对低浓度甲醛的降解过程,拟通过结构分析（晶粒尺寸、比表面积、禁带宽度）和实验评价其性能优劣,优选出光催化性能较好的材料。通过结构分析和降解甲醛实验发现,甲醛初始浓度较低时,BiVO4降解率优于其他,随甲醛浓度增加,催化剂降解率均呈上升趋势,TiO2-1（T-1）、TiO2-2（T-2）降解率增加显著。随环境湿度增大,降解率先上升后下降,BiVO4-1（B-1）、BiVO4-2（B-2）降解率下降的较为缓慢。同一物质当晶粒尺寸越小比表面积越大,其降解率越好。T-2比B-1有更好的稳定性。分析认为在较低甲醛浓度时,决定光催化降解率的主要因素是催化剂的表面反应速率。随着甲醛初始浓度的增加,吸附脱附成为主要限制步骤。随环境湿度增加,甲醛降解率先上升后下降,具有较小比表面积的BiVO4降解甲醛效率下降不显著。连续的工作产生甲醛分解副产物,不易堵塞具有大比表面积的T-2的活性位点,所以T-2有更好的稳定性。