中国生态环境质量与人类活动耦合机制及其影响因子

在可持续发展大背景下,深入探究中国生态环境质量与人类活动耦合机制并明确其影响因子,可为未来中国实现可持续发展目标提供一定的科学参考.运用趋势分析、耦合协调度、LMDI模型和最优参数地理探测器模型对中国生态环境质量与人类活动耦合机制进行探究和评价.结果发现:①在研究期间,中国耦合协调度、人类活动和生态环境质量均为增长趋势.人类活动和耦合协调度在空间上以胡焕庸线为界,呈现“东高西低”的分异规律.生态环境质量则表现出“南高北低”分异规律.②中国耦合协调类型转化的整体趋势为由低级向更高级的耦合协调类型转移.③基于最优参数地理探测器和LMDI模型分别发现,胡焕庸线以东绝大部分省区的耦合协调度其主导因子分别为社会经济因子和综合协调指数,该线以西绝大部分省区的耦合协调度主导因子分别为自然环境因子和耦合度.④评价人类活动变化对生态环境质量的影响,发现胡焕庸线以东主要为有利开发和有效保护类型,胡焕庸线以西主要为破坏开发和无效保护类型.胡焕庸线东西两侧地区应分别根据当地影响耦合协调度的先决条件以及人类活动和生态环境质量的相对关系,因地制宜选择优先发展地区,积极调整发展策略,走向生态环境质量与人类活动高级协调发展的可持续发展道路.     

大体积直接进样气相色谱法测定环境空气与无组织排放中硫化氢等16种含硫化合物

采用冷冻聚焦-硫发光检测器气相色谱仪测定环境空气与无组织排放中硫化氢等16种含硫化合物。结合大体积(5 mL)进样,对最优仪器条件进行研究。结果表明：在最佳条件下,16种含硫化合物的相关系数均>0.997,方法检出限为0.14～0.59μg/m³,相对标准偏差为0.7%～4.6%。且硫化氢、羰基硫、甲硫醇、甲硫醚、二甲基二硫醚、二硫化碳、噻吩、四氢噻吩这8种化合物的检出限均小于嗅阈值,解决了能够闻到含硫化合物的臭味,却检测不出的难题。该方法极大地提高了检测精度,适用于环境空气与无组织排放中痕量含硫化合物的测定。     

天然花岗岩夹杂云母中核径迹腐蚀坑成因探讨

采用地表采集到的天然云母样品(不做蚀刻),直接用光学显微镜进行观察,观察到与传统方法同样的微米数量级腐蚀坑.并分析了腐蚀坑的成因,指出了这些新发现的腐蚀坑的环境意义.     

Arrival time and magnitude of airborne fission products from the Fukushima, Japan, reactor incident as measured in Seattle, WA, USA

We report results of air monitoring started due to the recent natural catastrophe on 11 March 2011 in Japan and the severe ensuing damage to the Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear reactor complex. On 17-18 March 2011, we registered the first arrival of the airborne fission products ¹³¹I, ¹³²I, ¹³²Te, ¹³⁴Cs, and ¹³⁷Cs in Seattle, WA, USA, by identifying their characteristic gamma rays using a germanium detector. We measured the evolution of the activities over a period of 23 days at the end of which the activities had mostly fallen below our detection limit. The highest detected activity from radionuclides attached to particulate matter amounted to 4.4 ± 1.3 mBq m⁻³ of ¹³¹I on 19-20 March.     

Application of in-situ measurement to determine Cs in the Swiss Alps

Establishment of ¹³⁷Cs inventories is often used to gain information on soil stability. The latter is crucial in mountain systems, where ecosystem stability is tightly connected to soil stability. In-situ measurements of ¹³⁷Cs in steep alpine environments are scarce. Most studies have been carried out in arable lands and with Germanium (Ge) detectors. Sodium Iodide (NaI) detector system is an inexpensive and easy to handle field instrument, but its validity on steep alpine environments has not been tested yet. In this study, a comparison of laboratory measurements with GeLi detector and in-situ measurements with NaI detector of ¹³⁷Cs gamma soil radiation has been done in an alpine catchment with high ¹³⁷Cs concentration (Urseren Valley, Switzerland). The aim of this study was to calibrate the in-situ NaI detector system for application on steep alpine slopes. Replicate samples from an altitudinal transect through the Urseren Valley, measured in the laboratory with a GeLi detector, showed a large variability in ¹³⁷Cs activities at a meter scale. This small-scale heterogeneity determined with the GeLi detector is smoothed out by uncollimated in-situ measurements with the NaI detector, which provides integrated estimates of ¹³⁷Cs within the field of view (3.1 m²) of each measurement. There was no dependency of ¹³⁷Cs on pH, clay content and carbon content, but a close relationship was determined between measured ¹³⁷Cs activities and soil moisture. Thus, in-situ data must be corrected for soil moisture. Close correlation (R² = 0.86, p < 0.0001) was found for ¹³⁷Cs activities (in Bq kg⁻¹) estimated with in-situ (NaI detector) and laboratory (GeLi detector) methods. We thus concluded that the NaI detector system is a suitable tool for in-situ measurements in alpine environments. This paper describes the calibration of the NaI detector system for field application under elevated ¹³⁷Cs activities originating from Chernobyl fallout.     

In vivo and in vitro metabolism of tobacco-specific nitrosamine, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), by the freshwater planarian, Dugesia japonica

Cigarette smoke is a risk factor for human health, and many studies were conducted to investigate its adverse effects on humans and other mammals. However, since large amounts of cigarette products are produced and consumed, it is possible that tobacco chemicals can end up in aquatic environments through several routes, thus influencing aquatic organisms. In this study, the presence of tobacco-specific nitrosamine (TSNA), 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), in aquatic environment was demonstrated. Since toxic effects on and distribution patterns of tobacco chemicals in aquatic organisms were rarely studied, after results of an acute toxicity pretest were obtained, experiment was conducted to investigate the bioaccumulation pattern of NNK and distribution patterns of its metabolites, mainly 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL), in NNK-treated freshwater planarians, Dugesia japonica. Results from in vivo and in vitro studies showed that NNK was readily converted to NNAL through the carbonyl reduction in bodies of NNK-treated planarians. Tissue concentrations of both chemicals increased in time- and dose-dependent manners. Furthermore, we examined the end products of NNK/NNAL α-hydroxylation in NNK-treated planarians, but only 1-(3-pyridyl)-1,4-butanediol was detected, suggesting that NNK metabolism in planarians partially differs from that in mammalian systems. This is the first report on NNK metabolism in an aquatic organism and can be used as a foundation for developing freshwater planarians as a new in vivo model for the study of NNK toxicology in the future.     

拉萨高原环境点型感烟探测器工程参数调整研究

气压对燃烧过程影响显著,常压环境下的火灾探测器标准不适用于高原环境.以高原环境下的点型感烟火灾探测器为研究对象,根据合肥及拉萨两地的国标探测器正庚烷标准火测试对比试验,研究高原环境对火灾烟气及点型离子、光电感烟探测器响应规律的影响.结果表明,对于相同火源,光电感烟探测器在高原环境下的响应明显弱于常压环境,而离子感烟感测器所受影响相对较小.依据试验结果,提出高原环境下点型感烟探测器的工程参数调整建议.     

突发性大气环境污染事故的应急监测

介绍了突发性环境污染事故的分类及特征，检测管法在突发性大气环境污染事故应急监测中的应用，并讨论了突发性环境监测中的个人防护问题。     

陕西渭北旱塬区农田土壤有机质空间预测方法

准确预测土壤有机质(SOM)含量的空间分布对于改善土壤质量、提高区域土壤管理水平具有重要意义.为探索预测陕西渭北旱塬区农田SOM含量的最优模型,借助地理探测器选取与SOM含量密切相关的影响因子作为建模的协变量,选用普通克里格方法(OK)、地理加权回归模型(GWR)、偏最小二乘回归模型(PLS)、地理加权回归扩展模型(G...     

基于EBK插值预测和GDM模型的襄州区耕地土壤重金属时空分布及来源变化分析

为探讨襄州区重金属空间格局时空变化及其来源变化,于2009年11月和2019年11月分别在襄州区耕地土壤采集395个和326个土壤样品,测得两年铬（Cr）、铅（Pb）、砷（As）、汞（Hg）和镉（Cd）含量,采用经验贝叶斯克里金法（EBK）得出两年5种土壤重金属含量空间格局情况及变化量分布情况,并利用地理探测器模型（GDM）计算19种环境因子和5种重金属含量q解释力并比较两年变化情况.结果表明,与2009年相比,2019年襄州区Cr、Pb、Hg和As这4种土壤重金属含量整体趋于降低,Cd整体含量增加;2019年襄州区土壤重金属含量空间分异情况较2009年趋于复杂,Pb、Hg和Cd在南部、Hg在中部市区及周边地区也表现为含量增加;各元素向北及西北部地区表现为含量降低.2019年自然因子和污染企业距离对5种土壤重金属含量单因子解释力均有所下降,且单因子主控下对其含量的影响力显著性降低,而人类活动因子尤其是居民点用地距离、道路距离、污染企业用地和环境因子对土壤重金属元素的叠加影响力增强.说明2019年土壤重金属来源变化由以结构性因素为主要影响因素趋于复杂,污染企业的排放对重金属元素影响力降低,而人类活动对重金属含量影响增加.