A review of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and alternative brominated flame retardants in wildlife from China: Levels, trends, and bioaccumulation characteristics

Accelerated industrialization and urbanization, and unregulated disposal of waste of electric and electronic equipment (e-waste) in China have caused environmental pollution of brominated flame retardants (BFRs). This review summarized the levels, trends, and bioaccumulation characteristics of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and other potential alternative BFRs including hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-dibromophenoxy) ethane (BTBPE) and decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE) in wildlife from China. PBDE levels in wildlife from China were generally higher than those from other parts in Asia, and were comparable to those from Europe but were lower than those from North America. However, wildlife from the e-waste recycling sites in South China and East China contained much higher PBDEs compared to other reports around the world, suggesting the heavy contamination of PBDEs in these regions. The alternative BFRs were also detected in wildlife, revealing that the animals are exposed to these chemicals, in addition to PBDEs. Temporal trends indicated by levels in marine mammals from South China suggested that PBDE levels increased from the beginning of 1990s to 2000s, but decreased from the middle of 2000s, followed by relatively steady levels. In contrast, HBCDs were found to be continuously increasing from 1997 to 2007, indicating the increasing usage of HBCDs in China in recent years. Compared to PBDE profiles found in other parts, aquatic species and birds from China contained relatively higher contributions of BDE-28 and 209, respectively, suggesting the possible different usage pattern of PBDEs. Future works including keeping monitoring at a reasonable scale and frequency to make sure levels near urban centers indicative of population do not increase are needed. Additionally, focus effort on e-waste recycling regions to look for impacts and to determine if regulation/controls are resulting in lower environmental contamination, and incorporation of sentinel species in monitoring efforts are recommended.     

提高电子元器件使用可靠性的方法

针对实际工作中元器件使用可靠性方面存在的问题．本文通过在实际工作的经验积累和技术研究总结,在电子元器件的选择与检测控制等方面,提出了提高电子元器件使用可靠性的方法。实践证明,这些方法可以直接应用于电子元器件的工程选择与检测控制。     

电解铝企业阳极残渣、阳极残极浸出毒性鉴别及管理建议

对电解铝企业产生的阳极残渣、阳极残极浸出毒性进行了鉴别。鉴别结果表明：电解铝企业产生阳极残渣浸出液中氟化物（不含氟化钙）平均质量浓度为140 mg／L,最高达244 mg／L,且超标试样数达到《危险废物鉴别标准浸出毒性鉴别》中相应规定,鉴别该废物属于危险废物,应按照危险废物进行管理;阳极残极浸出液中氟化物（不含氟化钙）平均质量浓度为74 mg／L,无超标试样数,该废物不属于具有氟化物浸出毒性的固体废物,建议仍按一般固体废物进行管理。     

Histological changes in the reproductive system of male rats exposed to cigarette smoke or electronic cigarette vapor

Abstract

The use of electronic cigarettes increases as a supposedly healthier form of nicotine consumption, but safety of vaping remains uncertain. In this study, we assessed whether the use of electronic cigarettes increases the risk of infertility in male rats. Malformations of sperm morphology were more frequent in nicotine-exposed groups than in the control group. Vacuolization of seminiferous epithelium, reduction of spermatogenesis, increased apoptosis of spermatogonia and spermatocytes, and acceleration of degeneration of testes were observed. The male reproductive organs are slightly less affected by vaping than by smoking. Nevertheless, in consequence both may lead to the reduction of fertility.     

电子废弃物的再循环利用：企业、政府与公众的角色和责任

电子废弃物不仅种类繁多，而且成分复杂，含有多种有毒、有害物质，已成为固体废物中最大的重金属污染源。长期以来，由于对电子废弃物问题缺乏足够认识和有效管理，电子废弃物对人体健床及生活环境可能构成的危害常常被忽视。实现电子废弃物的再循环利用，关键是明确企业、政府和公众在电子产品设计、生产、消费、回收、处置和再利用整个过程中的相关责任。因此，解决电子废弃物的问题，首先要对相关行为主体的角色进行准确定位。     

氧化沟同时硝化反硝化的生物脱氮机理

氧化沟是一种得到广泛应用的有机废水生物反应器 ,简要介绍了氧化沟生物废水处理技术的特点和典型工艺 ,并就氧化沟的硝化反硝化脱氮功能和同时硝化反硝化进行了讨论 ,运用电子计量学方法 ,推导并讨论了同时硝化反硝化反应的计量方程式。     

浅议我国电子垃圾的回收

我国的电子垃圾回收利用基本处于失控状态，缺乏监管。回收处理方式：一是作为普通垃圾被填埋；二是对于尚能使用的废弃电子产品拿到旧货市场贩卖，不能使用的则私自拆解，回收提炼贵金属，丢弃不能利用的产品，对环境产生极大危害。因此，应建立和完善电子垃圾回收处理法规体系，回收利用体系，开发电子废物处理利用的新技术，改变无序发展状态。     

报废电子器件处理技术进展

报废电子器件的数量急剧增长，加强其回收利用研究已经得到广泛重视。对报废电子器件的资源情况、回收技术，尤其是以环境保护-资源综合回收为目的的物理分离技术及其应用进行了评述，指出便于回收的电子器件的设计是未来发展的趋势。     

电子废物现状评述与资源化初探

电子垃圾是目前增长速度最快的固体废物之一,对其不合理处置和利用已引起了日趋严峻的环境污染。文章从电子废物的危害及回收利用的角度,概述了当前国内外数量巨大的电子废物的污染现状及其回收利用处理技术,并结合国内实际,从电子废物的回收系统和资源化处理利用技术方面提出了具有可行性的建议和设想。     

A2/O工艺强化反硝化除磷体系中微生物特性分析

为了更直观地认识反硝化除磷体系中生物脱氮除磷机理及运行状态,本文尝试了对A2/O工艺强化反硝化除磷体系在稳定运行期的活性污泥采取直接染色的手段,观察聚-β羟基丁酸(PHB)和聚磷酸盐(Poly-P)的沿程变化状况,同时结合活性污泥的电镜扫描图像,考察该系统的微生物菌群特征.试验结果表明,在厌氧阶段,微生物细胞内PHB的量大幅提高,上清液中磷酸盐的含量上升,聚磷酸盐含量明显下降,粒径为1~1.5μm、呈球状和棒状的菌群构成的葡萄状细胞簇占居优势;在缺氧阶段,微生物细胞内PHB的量下降,上清液中磷酸盐含量下降,聚磷酸盐含量上升,粒径为0.5~1μm的椭球菌与1.0~1.5μm的球杆菌占优势;在好氧阶段,微生物细胞内PHB的量较低或接近零,上清液中磷酸盐的含量接近零,聚磷酸盐含量明显上升,此时粒径1.0~1.5μm的球菌以单个或成对出现,球菌不再饱满,呈现接近消失的状态.相比之下,单纯的脱氮系统则不存在上述微生物特性的变化.图8参12