石家庄市采暖季PM2.5碳组分昼夜污染特征及来源分析

为探究2017年石家庄市采暖季昼夜PM_2.5中碳组分的污染及来源特征,选取2017年11月30日-2018年1月22日时间段分别采集石家庄白天（8：00-20：00）、夜晚（20：00-翌日8：00）的PM_2.5样品,分析PM_2.5组分中OC和EC昼夜间的浓度变化特征、来源特性,SOC的估算及影响因素,并对石家庄市碳质气溶胶进行源解析和区域传输分析.结果表明,①采样期间白天PM_2.5、OC和EC的平均质量浓度分别为（110.6±71.6）、（39.9±20.4）和（9.3±3.6）μg·m^-3,夜间平均质量浓度分别为（128.5±75.3）、（64.7±36.5）和（13.6±6.0）μg·m^-3,PM_2.5、OC和EC质量浓度均呈现出夜间质量浓度高于白天的特征.②燃煤和机动车尾气排放在增加了一次有机碳（POC）和元素碳（EC）的本底质量浓度的同时,产生的CO、NO₂、SO₂等气体污染物又促进了光化学反应,两者协同作用下促进了SOC质量浓度的生成和积累.根据估算,SOC、SOC/OC值在夜间高于白天,白天较强的太阳辐射和光化学活性是SOC转化的主导因素,夜间气态有机前体物浓度是SOC转化的主导因素.③采样期间昼夜间OC、EC的相关性较好,其来源具有较好的同源性.大气PM_2.5碳质气溶胶主要来自燃煤、汽油车和柴油车尾气排放混合源,夜间柴油车污染源对碳质气溶胶的贡献率较白天更为明显.④后向轨迹结果表明,石家庄市严重污染期间颗粒污染物浓度变化主要受到低空东北方向气团的影响,PM_2.5以及OC、EC质量浓度的变化和周边地区的污染物输送有关.     

南京市大气颗粒物中有机碳和元素碳粒径分布特征

采用Model 2001A热/光碳分析仪测定了南京市区和工业区不同粒径颗粒物中OC、EC的含量,分析了OC、EC粒径分布特征.结果表明,市区和工业区四季OC、EC在<0.43μm粒径段中平均质量浓度最高,市区四季OC所占比例分别为20.9%、21.9%、29.6%、27.9%,EC比例分别为24.0%、23.5%、31.4%、22.6%;工业区四季OC比例分别为18.6%、45.8%、26.6%、25.9%,EC比例分别为16.7%、60.9%、26.3%、24.3%;两地OC、EC主要存在于细粒子中且市区细粒子中OC、EC在夏季所占比例最高,而工业区无明显季节变化规律.市区和工业区细粒子中SOC污染严重且在夏季达到高值,粗粒子SOC季节变化规律不明显,可能与各污染源贡献率及气象因素有关.相关性和OC/EC分析表明,南京地区细粒子中OC、EC主要来自尾气排放和燃煤,粗粒子中OC、EC还与生物质燃烧及烹调排放关联.     

强化SCR脱硝催化剂转化零价汞的初步研究

常规的选择性还原脱硝(SCR)催化剂对烟气中的零价汞具有一定的催化氧化作用,从而有利于提高下游的除汞效率。但在烟气HCl浓度较低时,SCR催化剂对燃煤烟气中的零价汞催化氧化效果较差。为了提高SCR催化剂对零价汞的催化氧化效果,在现有SCR催化剂基础上,通过负载其它金属元素的方法,对其进行改性掺杂。结果发现,负载锰氧化物的Mn/SCR催化剂,对零价汞的催化氧化作用明显提高,而将其再掺杂Mo后,其催化氧化性能得到更进一步提高。在反应温度350℃的条件下,加入7.5 mg/m3HCl,Mo-Mn/SCR对零价汞的催化氧化效率接近90%,而常规SCR催化剂只有35%左右。另外,Mo只有在与Mn结合使用,其促进作用才能较显著地体现出来。对改性后的SCR催化剂的脱硝性能研究表明,掺杂Mo-Mn元素对于SCR的脱硝性能无明显影响。     

Chemical composition, mass closure and sources of atmospheric PM10 from industrial sites in Shenzhen, China

Concentrations of atmospheric PM10 and chemical components (including twenty-one elements, nine ions, organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC)) were measured at five sites in a heavily industrial region of Shenzhen, China in 2005. Results showed that PM10 concentrations exhibited the highest values at 264 μg/m3 at the site near a harbor with the influence of harbor activities. Sulfur exhibited the highest concentrations (from 2419 to 3995 ng/m3) of all the studied elements, which may be related to the influence of coal used as fuel in this area for industrial plants. This was verified by the high mass percentages of SO42-, which accounted for 34.3%-39.7% of the total ions. NO3-/SO42- ratios varied from 0.64-0.71, which implies coal combustion was predominant compared with vehicle emission. The anion/cation ratios range was close to 0.95, indicating anion deficiency in this region. The harbor site showed the highest OC and EC concentrations, with the influence of emission from vessels. Secondary organic carbon accounted for about 22.6%-38.7% of OC, with the highest percentage occurring at the site adjacent to a coal-fired power plant and wood plant. The mass closure model performed well in this heavily industrial region, with significant correlation obtained between chemically determined and gravimetrically measured PM10 mass. The main constituents of PM10 were found to be organic materials (30.9%-69.5%), followed by secondary inorganic aerosol (7.9%-25.0%), crustal materials (6.7%-13.8%), elemental carbon (3.5%-10.8%), sea salt (2.4%-6.2%) and trace elements (2.0%-4.9%) in this heavily industrialized region. Principal component analysis indicated that the main sources for particulate matter in this industrial region were crustal materials and coal/wood combustion, oil combustion, secondary aerosols, industrial processes and vehicle emission.     

微波对γ-Al_2O_3膜/污泥活性炭组成与孔结构的影响

将制得的污泥活性炭浸于[AlO(OH)]透明溶胶中,再干燥,最后经微波处理得到γ-Al2O3膜/污泥活性炭。研究微波处理工艺对γ-Al2O3膜/污泥活性炭组成与孔结构的影响。分别用X射线衍射、扫描电镜、红外光谱及孔径分布分析了γ-Al2O3膜/污泥活性炭的组成和孔结构。结果表明:增大微波功率γ-Al2O3膜/污泥活性炭的晶相由γ-Al2O3膜相和污泥活性炭相组成,辐照时间过长不利于形成γ-Al2O3相和污泥活性炭相。随着微波功率的增大,形成了附着于污泥活性炭孔内的多孔膜;γ-Al2O3膜/污泥活性炭的孔径呈双峰分布,峰明显变窄,但是随着辐照时间的过长,孔径分布向大孔移动,整个双峰变宽。因而,微波可以辅助物理活化法制备γ-Al2O3膜/污泥活性炭。     

Aerosol scattering coefficients and major chemical compositions of fine particles observed at a rural site in the central Pearl River Delta, South China

During November-December 2010 aerosol scattering coefficients were monitored using a single-waved (525 nm) Nephelometer at a regional monitoring station in the central Pearl River Delta region and 24-hr fine particle (PM_2.5) samples were also collected during the period using quartz filters for the analysis of major chemical components including organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), sulfate, nitrate and ammonium. In average, these five components accounted for about 85% of PM_2.5 mass and contributed 42% (OC), 19% (SO₄^2-), 12% (NO₃^-), 8.4% (NH₄⁺) and 3.7% (EC), to PM_2.5 mass. A relatively higher mass scattering efficiency of 5.3 m²/g was obtained for fine particles based on the linear regression between scattering coefficients and PM_2.5 mass concentrations. Chemical extinction budget based on IMPROVE approach revealed that ammonium sulfate, particulate organic matter, ammonium nitrate and EC in average contributed about 32%, 28%, 20% and 6% to the light extinction coefficients, respectively.     

模拟火灾中柔性有机堵料的热解性质及烟气研究*

为探究在高温下柔性有机堵料的热解特性及热解烟气成分,采用元素分析和热重(TG)分析测试方法,对2种柔性有机堵料的组成及热解性质进行对比研究,并通过烟箱和烟气分析仪模拟火灾中常见的热辐射环境,研究模拟火灾环境中2种柔性有机堵料有毒有害气体的释放情况及释放规律。研究结果表明:2种柔性有机堵料均有较好的耐火性能;在模拟火灾的热辐射环境中,2种柔性有机堵料均释放多种有毒有害气体,且大部分气体在受热辐射后10~75 min时间范围内释放,并主要集中在30~50 min时间范围内;2种柔性有机堵料样品所释放的气体组分种类大致相同但各组分含量有着较大的差异,可能与2种柔性有机堵料成分组成种类相似,但各组分含量比例不同有关。     

北京大气颗粒物中有机碳和元素碳的浓度水平和季节变化

分析了北京市两个采样点十三陵站(清洁对照点)和天坛站(居民生活区)的110个大气颗粒物样品有机碳和元素碳的测定数据,结果表明两站点具有明显的季节变化特征.一号站OC质量浓度年均值为22.0μg/m3,EC为3.6μg/m3,五号站OC质量浓度年均值为41.5μg/m3,EC为7.8μg/m3.OC百分含量秋季高,反映出活跃的大气化学反应和严峻的污染形势,春季低表现了风沙气候的影响.城区的EC百分含量冬季增高则是燃煤贡献所致.对1998年1月份和9、10月份的数据进行了实例分析.结果表明稳定的天气条件和北京特殊的地貌容易导致空气污染事件.有机物污染是1998年北京秋季空气污染的一个特征.     

2014-2018年南京PM2.5中碳组分污染特征分析

利用在线高分辨率仪器对2014-2018年南京市PM2.5中有机碳(OC)、元素碳(EC)进行了连续监测,结果表明:离线分析法与在线分析法对OC、EC的测定结果具有很好的线性相关性,离线分析的EC、OC浓度高于在线自动监测值;2014-2018年南京OC与EC的平均质量浓度分别为(6. 38±3. 91)μg/m^3和(3. 12±1. 76)μg/m^3,整体呈下降趋势,冬季OC与EC均较高,夏季两者质量浓度较低。OC和EC均呈现夜间高、白天低的日变化规律,OC与EC第一个峰值均出现在08:00左右,OC第二个峰值出现在20:00前后;夏季OC与EC相关性最低,冬季最高,NO2、CO与OC、EC的相关性总体高于SO2,表明燃料燃烧对碳气溶胶有一定贡献,但没有交通源的贡献显著,夏季O3与OC呈现一定程度的正相关性。利用最小相关系数法(MRS)计算大气OC中一次有机碳(POC)和二次有机碳(SOC),结果显示OC中以POC为主,但SOC呈逐年上升趋势,2018年SOC质量浓度达1. 96μg/m3,在OC中占比达31. 9%,后续颗粒物污染治理的重点可能应关注VOCs。     

黄铁矿与硫粉配合提高污泥重金属的淋滤效果

通过接种嗜酸性硫杆菌复合菌株(氧化亚铁硫杆菌与氧化硫硫杆菌)并采用序批式试验,研究了黄铁矿与硫粉2种底物配合使用对污泥中重金属生物淋滤效果的影响.结果表明,2种底物配合可加速污泥中重金属(Zn, Cu)的浸出,显著提高其去除率.经过18d的生物淋滤,在2种底物配合并接种的处理中,Zn和Cu的去除率分别可达89.2%,56.5%;而在单独加黄铁矿并接种的处理中两者的去除率分别为12.0%, 0.9%;单独添加硫粉并接种处理中分别为85.2%,37.6%,进一步验证了生物淋滤技术去除污泥中重金属的可行性.