Severe drought and the vitamin A status of rural pre-school children in India

A community-based cross-sectional study was carried out in six drought-affected areas of India in 2003 to assess the impact of drought on the vitamin A status of 3,657 rural pre-school children. The prevalence of Bitot's spots was found to be significantly (p < 0.01) higher (1.8 per cent) during drought (odds ratio (OR) = 2.0; 95 per cent confidence interval: 1.6 -2.7). The dietary intake of vitamin A was lower during drought and in 81 per cent of households it was less than 50 per cent of the recommended rate. Severe drought has an adverse impact on the vitamin A status of rural pre-school children, particularly those with illiterate mothers and belonging to an older age group (p < 0.01). Communities need to be sensitised, therefore, to vitamin A deficiency through health and nutrition education, and there needs to be wider coverage of vitamin A supplementation, particularly among children in drought-affected and drought-prone areas.     

Environmental ascription in Worcester County,MA: toxic pollution and education outcomes

This paper argues that important issues of sustainable development have been addressed through single-issue landscape plans, and that these plans have carried little weight within the land use decision-making process. A more consolidated approach, based on multi-function landscape plans, is proposed. After reviewing the range of plans which, in the UK, cover woodland, farmscapes, visual amenity, coasts, catchments and biodiversity, the case is made for an integrative plan capable of addressing natural resource issues at the landscape scale. The preliminary character of an integrative plan is outlined. Whilst landscape plans have a relatively weak basis for implementation, it is concluded that a sufficient range of powers is available to ensure some progress.     

对少数民族地区中学生环境教育的静思——以贵州铜仁为例

通过对贵州铜仁地区部分中学环境教育的问卷调查,了解到人们一直把课堂渗透作为其主要途径;部分领导和教师对环境教育不够重视,在课时分配、教学计划、教学过程中缺乏加强环境教育内容的意识;现行的课程设置,有关环境知识的内容比较零散、肤浅,不能使学生形成完整的环境概念,影响了学校环境教育目的的实现。因此,提高教育者的环境教育意识、健全评价培训制度、拓宽教育途径、创新教学方法,开发有利于环境教育的课程教材是促使中学生环境意识与环保行动得到协调一致发展的有效策略。     

初中生环境意识现状调查及提升对策分析

环境保护教育为本,环境教育在基础教育中意义重大。为了了解焦作市中学环境教育的现状,推动焦作市中学环境教育的开展,探讨今后中学环境教育的重点和方向,对焦作市区的两所中学的环境教育进行了抽样问卷调查,获取了初一、初二年级学生的环境意识现状资料,综合分析调查对象在环境知识、环境教育、环境意愿等方面的现状,针对其中存在的问题,从教育方法、教育手段、教学模式、知识获取途径、教育系统资源等方面提出若干提升对策。     

Training future experts in “biodiversity and ecosystem services”: a progress report

Biodiversity is essential for multiple aspects of human life and well-being, but many current assessments of the functioning of biodiversity and ecosystems, understanding of risks posed by environmental change and the best practice of their management of ecosystems are lacking a unified scientific and conceptual basis. Methods such as scenario analysis, and terms such as ecosystem services, are widely used, but their meaning is understood in many different ways depending on context, user needs and experience of researchers. In order to advance the conceptual basis for ecosystem analysis and management in a rapidly changing world, as well as the ability of young scientists to reflect upon these concepts, we have organised five 2-week-long summer schools in Peyresq, a remote village in the Southern French Alps. In total 173 participants have worked intensively with 69 experienced researchers and a team of conveners and tutors in order to discuss a broad range of views on topics on ecosystem analysis and functioning. Topics ranged from conditions of and threats to various ecosystems due to environmental change, models and scenarios for assessment, stakeholder perceptions and needs for information, to the social and economic contexts for biodiversity. We report our experience from these schools, present the training concept which has emerged from them and suggest lines of further development.

昆明市城区初中生绿色生活方式初步研究

初中生是未来环保事业的主力军,在他们中间倡导并实施健康绿色生活方式不仅有利于中学生身心健康,而且还可以通过他们影响周围的人,因而有利于资源节约型社会的构建。本研究选取了昆明市城区的8所中学作为调查对象,通过问卷调查,分析了昆明市城区初中生绿色生活意识的水平及其内部差异,并认为应该对初中生大力开展“绿色生活”环境教育活动,且不同学校、男女生应该有不同环境教育的重点和方式。     

堆肥过程水溶性有机物组成和结构演化研究

基于Leenheer的分组方法,用XAD-8树脂将鸡粪不同堆肥阶段样品提取出的水溶性有机物(DOM)按极性和电荷特性分为疏水酸性组分(HOA)、疏水碱性组分(HOB)、疏水中性组分(HON)、酸不溶组分(AIM)及亲水性组分(HIM),采用元素分析、核磁共振(~1H-NMR)及红外光谱(FTIR),对各组分的组成和结构特征进行了研究.结果表明,堆肥DOM中HIM和HOA组分的含量分别为32%~44%和35%~47%,而HOB、AIM及HON组分之和不到25%,经堆肥后HIM组分含量下降,而疏水性组分含量增加.元素分析显示,堆肥过程N、C、S含量呈增加趋势,经堆肥后有机质H/C比降低,腐殖化率提高;~1H-NMR分析表明:HIM组分中烷基链烃的含量最少,支链最短,分支较多,碳水化合物含量高,而HON组分的组成恰好与之相反,AIM组分结构类似胡敏酸,HOB富含含氮化合物.FTIR分析表明,HOA和HOB组分富含羧基、酯基和醇羟基官能团,而AIM和HIM除上述官能团外,还含有大量苯环官能团,HON组分富含脂肪族官能团,该组分官能团种类最多,经堆肥后,脂族官能团含量降低,苯环官能团增加.     

灰色系统理论在高校学生公寓火灾风险评价中的应用

针对高校学生公寓火灾的安全问题,参考相关标准、征求专家意见,建立了高校学生公寓火灾风险评价指标体系,并确定了权重。在此基础上,根据灰色系统理论原理对高校学生公寓火灾风险评价进行研究,建立评价模型,运用改进后的多层次灰色关联度分析法对青岛市某高校10#学生公寓的火灾风险进行评价,得出火灾风险等级为二级,即安全。研究结果表明,所建立的评价模型对学生公寓火灾的风险评价具有良好的应用价值,也为火灾风险评价提供了一种新的综合评价方法。     

Environmental values and willingness to pay for a protected area: a segmentation of Italian university students

The study investigated students’ attitudes and willingness to pay (WTP) for the protection of some environmental values. The empirical study refers to a site located in Southern Italy and inserted into the Natura 2000 European Network. Students were segmented according to their appreciation of environmental values and the WTP for them. We considered two scenarios of the study site – of use and non-use – and four values – recreational, educational, bequest and existence. Five clusters, from the ‘unconcerned’ to the ‘committed’ one, reveal a diversity of profiles across the sample. Segmentation results point out the multifunctionality of the environmental heritage and highlight the heterogeneity of students’ environmental profiles.     

HEPA空气净化器对学校室内颗粒物的净化效果研究

为了解HEPA（high efficiency particle air filter,高效空气过滤器）空气净化器在小学教室和寝室的净化效果,于2019年3—4月在北京市一所全寄宿小学开展了一项HEPA空气净化器的交叉干预研究.记录干预组、非干预组室内和室外PM_2.5、PM₁₀、PM₁的浓度,计算空气净化器的净化率;采用多元线性回归模型探索净化效果的影响因素.结果表明:①空气净化器对PM_2.5、PM₁₀、PM₁的净化率分别为41.3%〔Q_l~Q_u（下四分位数~上四分位数,下同）:0~53.1%〕、40.7%（10.5%~46.2%）和34.9%（9.6%~40.3%）,其中对PM_2.5的净化率最高;寝室的净化率高于教室的净化率.②当室外PM_2.5浓度为[115,150）μg/m3时对PM_2.5的净化率最高,为52.83%（50.26%~56.13%）,PM₁₀和PM₁亦有类似结果.③多元线性回归分析表明,室外PM_2.5浓度 < 35 μg/m3时,开门通风和室内人员活动分别使室内PM_2.5浓度下降3.73 μg/m3〔95%置信区间（95% CI）:（0.60 μg/m3,6.86 μg/m3）〕和升高3.4 μg/m3（0.22 μg/m3,6.58 μg/m3）;室外PM_2.5浓度为[35,150）μg/m3时,空气净化器使室内PM_2.5浓度下降33.36 μg/m3（16.47 μg/m3,50.25 μg/m3）;室外PM_2.5浓度≥150 μg/m3时,空气净化器和开门通风分别使室内PM_2.5浓度下降48.87 μg/m3（25.62 μg/m3,72.12 μg/m3）和升高37.65 μg/m3（5.60 μg/m3,69.69 μg/m3）.研究显示:空气净化器可同时降低室内PM_2.5、PM₁₀、PM₁的浓度;当室外PM_2.5浓度 < 35 μg/m3时,不需开启空气净化器;当室外PM_2.5浓度为[35,150）μg/m3时,空气净化器有较好的净化效果,偶尔开窗通风不影响空气净化器的净化效果;当室外PM_2.5浓度≥150 μg/m3时,开启空气净化器时应关闭门窗,以免影响其净化效果.