运用批实验研究溶解氧对米酒去除硝酸盐的影响

为了判别不同溶解氧条件下脱氮效果和碳的需求量,在水温为25~30℃条件下,设置了缺氧、微氧和有氧3种输入条件,以及C/N分别为2.0、1.5两种碳源投放量开展实验。研究表明:溶解氧的存在对反硝化作用的启动有延迟作用,但影响较小。溶解氧对于反硝化过程并没有产生明显的抑制作用,但在溶解氧较低的情况下,反硝化速率更为理想。缺氧条件下,C/N的适宜值应低于1.5;微氧条件下的C/N适宜值在1.5~2.0;而在有氧条件下C/N=2.0时可高效去除硝酸盐。该研究可为农村地区家庭自行去除饮用水中硝酸盐的实际应用提供参考。     

铁炭内电解垂直流人工湿地对污水厂尾水深度脱氮效果

针对污水厂尾水总氮(TN)含量偏高、微生物可利用碳源低的问题,构建铁炭内电解垂直流人工湿地(ICIE-VFCW)装置,研究了ICIE-VFCW对尾水的处理效果,并采用紫外-可见光光谱(UV-VIS)、凝胶过滤色谱(GFC),进一步探讨了ICIEVFCW强化脱氮机制.结果表明,ICIE-VFCW可提高系统对尾水中COD的去除,出水COD可稳定在30 mg·L~(-1)以下,全年、暖季、寒季COD平均去除率较普通垂直流人工湿地分别可提高10.16%、9.81%、11.22%.系统出水TN可维持在10 mg·L~(-1)以下,全年、暖季、寒季TN平均去除率较普通垂直流人工湿地分别提高13.72%、12.90%、16.17%.经过人工湿地处理后,污水中有机物的腐殖度、芳香度及相对分子质量(Mr)均有所下降,且ICIE-VFCW中Mr下降更为明显.湿地基质掺杂铁炭可促进尾水中大分子有机物转化为小分子,为微生物提供更多可利用碳源,从而提高脱氮效率.     

太湖流域污水处理厂低温生物脱氮运行模式研究

以苏州工业园区第二污水厂在冬季低温下的实际运行为例,重点分析了低温生物脱氮的影响因子,并探讨影响低温生物脱氮的因素.根据污水处理厂冬季水温特征和低温脱氮影响规律,结合污水厂运行经验和数据分析提出太湖流域污水厂低温生物脱氮的适合措施,以达到低温下保证运行效果使出水达标,并结合冬季低温下太湖流域污水厂的特点,为保证总氮出水达标提出来了相应的解决方案和措施.     

河北平原潮土中微生物对氮降解特征

了解土壤中微生物对氮素降解规律,对于土壤氮污染修复具有重要现实意义.从河北平原潮土中筛选出8种高效氨化细菌、硝化细菌、异养硝化好氧反硝化细菌,对所筛菌种进行16S r DNA分析,选出最适菌株通过固定化载体将菌种制成菌剂.探讨了用加入所筛菌种及拮抗菌的菌液和地表水分别滴灌小白菜对土壤中的氮降解产生的影响,并测定土样磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)的值.结果表明:以硅藻土为载体硝化细菌的氨氮降解率达到38%,硝态氮合成率为205%;以硅藻土为载体的氨化细菌氨氮合成率为1 711%,异养硝化好氧反硝化细菌的硝态氮降解率达到367%.加所筛菌液滴灌对土壤总氮和氨氮的降解效果较好,硝化作用也较强,加菌后土壤中微生物量明显增加,且更快到达峰值.对不同土样不同时间磷脂脂肪酸数据分析发现,在白菜生长过程中,土壤中的微生物含量均产生了1次峰值,且加入所筛菌的先到达峰值.对于任丘和阜城土样来说,加入所筛菌后,土壤中微生物种类相应增多,对土壤微生物环境有所改善,微生物也比较活跃.     

两段式曝气对好氧颗粒污泥脱氮性能的影响

基于4个不同进水条件的小试实验探究,得出所接种好氧颗粒污泥表面异养菌在曝气初期阶段大量消耗碳源,对于NO-2-N和NO_3~--N的反硝化效率较低.为此,实验在常温(20~23℃)条件下,在同一周期内先采用低曝气量曝气之后再用高曝气量曝气的两段式曝气方式运行好氧颗粒污泥SBR反应器,低曝气量时长分别取1、2、3 h这3个阶段分别运行,并运用扫描电镜(SEM)和荧光原位杂交技术(FISH)对颗粒污泥进行分析,结果表明AGS粒径增大,反硝化能力提升,NO-2-N的反硝化速率(以LVSS计)在低曝气时长为2 h时升至最高,达9.66 mg·(g·h)~(-1).亚硝态氮积累率不断升高至77.84%,总氮去除率最高达70%.颗粒污泥内部孔隙增多,且细菌多以球菌、椭球状及杆菌为主,氨氧化菌(AOB)占总菌的比例由13.70%升至15.40%.因此,通过两段式曝气过程实现了短程同步硝化反硝化过程并具有较好的脱氮性能.     

多层填料生物转鼓去除NO废气的效能比较研究

生物转鼓过滤器能有效去除一氧化氮(NO)废气,为进一步提高生物转鼓过滤器的去除效能,实验改变了生物转鼓的填料结构,并与单层填料的生物转鼓进行了比较研究.结果表明,多层填料生物转鼓比单层填料生物转鼓更能有效去除NO,运行也更加稳定.8个月的连续运行实验表明,多层填料生物转鼓对NO去除率稳定在53.9％ ～93.4％之间,平均去除效率79.8％,而单层填料生物转鼓的平均去除率仅有68.7％;在相同实验条件下,空床停留时间(EBRT)可从单层填料生物转鼓的86.4 s降至多层填料生物转鼓的57.6 s.多层填料生物转鼓的最优工艺条件为,营养液量为1.3～3L,转速为0.75 r·min-1,在以葡萄糖为碳源时,TOC＞ 1250 mg·L-1后,去除效率增长幅度趋于平缓.     

生物陶粒反应器的氢自养反硝化研究

利用氢自养反硝化生物陶粒反应器处理硝酸盐废水,探讨了生物陶粒反应器中氢自养反硝化生物脱氮的实现过程.考察了水力停留时间、进水硝氮负荷、进水pH值、温度、供氢量等因素对反应器脱氮效果的影响.结果表明,当水力停留时间为24 h和48 h时,反应器对硝酸氮的平均去除率分别达到94.54%和97.47%.在水力停留时间为5~16 h时,NO-3-N去除率随水力停留时间的缩短而降低;进水NO-3-N浓度较低时,NO-3-N的降解速率随其浓度的升高而增大,当NO-3-N浓度大于110mg·L-1时,氢自养反硝化反应受到抑制;中偏碱性环境较酸性或碱性环境更利于反应器对硝酸盐的去除;反应器有较宽的温度适应范围,最适温度为25~30℃;当反应器供氢不足时,脱氮效果明显降低,表明了氢自养反硝化菌对氢气利用的专一性.在整个运行阶段,出水中亚硝酸氮浓度一直保持在较低水平.     

Effect of ammonium on nitrous oxide emission during denitrification with different electron donors

Nitrous oxide(N2O) emission during denitrification is receiving intensive attention due to its high potential to cause greenhouse effects.In this study,denitrifiers were acclimated in sequencing batch reactors with methanol or acetate as the electron donor and nitrate as the electron acceptor.The effects of ammonium on N2O emission were examined in batch experiments with various electron donors.With the addition of ammonium,N2O emission increased under all the examined conditions compared to experiments without ammonium addition.With different electron donors,the highest ratio of N2O emission to the removed oxidized nitrogen was 0.70% for methanol,5.34% for acetate,and 34.79% for polyhydroxybutyrate.     

Identification of key factors governing chemistry in groundwater near the water course recharged by reclaimed water at Miyun County, Northern China

Reclaimed water was successfully used to recover the dry Chaobai River in Northern China, but groundwater may be polluted. To ensure groundwater protection, it is therefore critical to identify the governing factors of groundwater chemistry. Samples of reclaimed water, river and groundwater were collected monthly at Chaobai River from January to September in 2010. Fifteen water parameters were analyzed. Two kinds of reclaimed water were different in type (Na-Ca-Mg-Cl-HCO3 or Na-Ca-Cl-HCO3 ) and concentration of nitrogen. The ionic concentration and type in river were similar to reclaimed water. Some shallow wells near the river bed had the same type (Na-Ca-Mg-Cl-HCO3 ) and high concentration as reclaimed water, but others were consistent with the deep wells (Ca-Mg-HCO3 ). Using cluster analysis, the 9 months were divided into two periods (dry and wet seasons), and all samples were grouped into several spatial clusters, indicating different controlling mechanisms. Principal component analysis and conventional ionic plots showed that calcium, magnesium and bicarbonate were controlled by water-rock interaction in all deep and some shallow wells. This included the dissolution of calcite and carbonate weathering. Sodium, potassium, chloride and sulfate in river and some shallow wells recharged by river were governed by evaporation crystallization and mixing of reclaimed water. But groundwater chemistry was not controlled by precipitation. During the infiltration of reclaimed water, cation exchange took place between (sodium, potassium) and (calcium, magnesium). Nitrification and denitrification both happened in most shallow groundwater, but only denitrification in deep groundwater.     

Waste oyster shell as a kind of active filler to treat the combined wastewater at an estuary

Estuaries have been described as one of the most difficult environments on Earth. It is difficult to know how to treat the combined wastewater in tidal rivers at the estuary, where the situation is very different from ordinary fresh water rivers. Waste oyster shell was used as the active filler in this study in a bio-contact oxidation tank to treat the combined wastewater at the Fengtang Tidal River. With a middle-experimental scale of 360 ma/day, the average removal efficiency of COD, BOD, NH3-N, TP and TSS was 80.05%, 85.02%, 86.59%, 50.58% and 85.32%, respectively, in this bio-contact oxidation process. The living microbes in the biofilms on the waste oyster shell in this bio-contact oxidation tank, which were mainly composed of zoogloea, protozoa and micro-metazoa species, revealed that waste oyster shell as the filler was suitable material for combined wastewater degradation. This treatment method using waste oyster shell as active filler was then applied in a mangrove demonstration area for water quality improvement near the experiment area, with a treatment volume of 5 × 10^3 m^3/day. Another project was also successfully applied in a constructed wetland, with a wastewater treatment volume of 1 ×10^3 m^3/day. This technology is therefore feasible and can easily be applied on a larger scale,