夏季富营养化滆湖中沉水植物群落重建及水质净化效果

通过滆湖原位围隔试验分析了不同单种及混种沉水植物群落随环境变化的生长状况及对水质的净化效果.结果表明:(1)夏季,沉水植物生物量的平均值与透明度/水位存在显著线性相关性,进一步表明沉水植物的生长在很大程度上依赖于光强和水深.(2)各植物区(除马来眼子菜区外)的高锰酸盐指数、TN高于空白对照区.(3)对比空白对照区,苦草...     

淀山湖沉水植物死亡分解过程中营养物质的释放

测定了上海淀山湖5种常见沉水植物的营养成分含量及其死亡后在好氧(DO>3.5 mg/L)或低氧(DO<3.5 mg/L)状态下分解释放TN、TP和有机物(以高锰酸盐指数计,下同)等营养物质的动态过程,并对营养物质释放强度与营养成分含量的相关性进行了分析.结果表明, 5种沉水植物中,金鱼藻的TN和TP含量最高,质量分数分别为(4.07±0.22)%和(0.99±0.09)%;好氧状态下TN和有机物的释放强度大于低氧状态,两种状态下TP的释放强度没有显著差异;TP的释放比TN快,一般需10 d左右,而TN和有机物的释放分别需要29 d和20 d左右;在好氧状态下,NO-2-N、NO-3-N和可溶性总磷酸盐的平均释放强度与植物TN含量呈显著正相关(p<0.05),NH 4-N的平均释放强度与植物TP含量呈显著正相关(p<0.05);在低氧状态下,NO-2-N的平均释放强度与植物TN含量、NO-3-N的平均释放强度与植物TP含量分别呈显著正相关(p<0.05);有机物的平均释放强度与植物TP含量呈极显著负相关(p<0.01).     

水源水中典型除草剂禾大壮与莠灭净突发污染的应急处理

针对被典型除草剂禾大壮与莠灭净污染原水的应急处理工艺进行了研究.结果表明,活性炭吸附和预氯化是有效去除禾大壮和莠灭净的2种措施.拟二级动力学模型和Freundlich吸附等温线模型可分别较好地描述粉末活性炭对原水中禾大壮和莠灭净的吸附过程和吸附平衡.40 mg/L的粉末活性炭可将浓度为200ìg/L的禾大壮或莠灭净污染完全去除,粉末活性炭的最佳投加位置是混凝前20 min,颗粒活性炭柱(高20 cm)对2种农药的去除效果都较为显著,可以作为粉末活性炭的有效补充保证一定的安全系数.有效氯投加量为2.5 mg/L时虽然也可将2种农药氧化去除,但生成的产物及其毒性有待于进一步研究.粉末活性炭与1 mg/L的KMnO4预氧化联用并没有提高禾大壮和莠灭净的去除效果,粉末活性炭与1.5 mg/L的Cl2联用的去除效果与二者投加顺序有关.当浓度均为200 ìg/L左右的禾大壮与莠灭净同时污染原水时,粉末活性炭的投加量增至50 mg/L可将它们完全去除,Cl2的用量提高至3 mg/L可将它们全部氧化.     

大气中酮类化合物污染事故应急监测

研究了大气中低分子量酮类化合物的气相色谱测定方法 ,进行了线性范围、精密度和准确度实验。结果表明 ,该方法具有简便快捷、准确灵敏的特点 ,适合于大气污染事故应急监测     

MACROPHYTE STANDING CROP AND PRIMARY PRODUCTWITY IN SOME FLORIDA SPRING-RUNS1

ABSTRACT: A survey of 31 Florida spring-runs was conducted to estimate their submerged macrophyte standing crop and primary productivity. The standing crops of submerged vegetation were not significantly (p > 0.05) correlated to either total nitrogen (r = 0) or total phosphorus (r =?0.20) concentrations, but standing crops were significantly (p < 0.01) correlated to the percentage of the spring-run's water surface shaded by marginal vegetation (r =?0.76). Maximum daily rates of primary productivity were positively correlated with average submerged macrophyte standing crops (r = 0.81; p < 0.001) and inversely correlated with the degree of shading by marginal vegetation (r =? 0.43; p < 0.05).     

NITROGEN ACCUMULATION IN A CONSTRUCTED WETLAND FOR DAIRY WASTEWATER TREATMENT1

ABSTRACT: A free water surface (FWS) constructed wetland was installed at a dairy in Glendale, Arizona, to study the potential of such a wetland to remove nitrogen (N) from wastewater. The study objectives were: (1) to determine N removal from the wastewater, and (2) to evaluate N accumulation in soil and plant tissues. The system consisted of eight cells (70 × 9 × 1.5 m) planted with Typha domingensis, Scirpus validus, and Phragmites australis. The four cells in series were lined with plastic, and the four cells in a parallel series were lined with clay. Cells received approximately 180 m³/d of partially treated dairy effluent. Plant tissues and soil samples were collected above and below ground from 24 locations during one year. Total N removal from wastewater was about 17 percent. Clay‐lined cells accumulated more N in the soil and less N in plant biomass compared with plastic lined cells. Plant biomass accounted for approximately 60 percent of total N accumulated in cells with dense plant communities. Ninety percent of accumulated soil N was organic. Total N accumulated in soil reached a maximum (1,100 mg/kg) eight months after the introduction of wastewater.     

MODELING TO EVALUATE MACROPHYTE INDUCED IMPACTS TO DISSOLVED OXYGEN IN A TAILWATER RESERVOIR1

ABSTRACT: Effects of aquatic macrophytes are not considered in most standard water quality models. This study used field measurements and water quality models to help determine the effects of aquatic macrophytes on dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations in a shallow tailwater reservoir. Installation of a hydropower plant and macrophytes (primarily Potamogeton and Chara) in a large shallow portion of the lake are possible causes of reduced DO levels in the tailwater reservoir. A water quality model (WASP5) was used to quantify the various DO sources and sinks and to evaluate the effects of the hydropower operations on DO levels in the lake. It was found that the macrophytes in Lake Ogallala had a significant effect on the DO levels in the lake. At an average macrophyte density of about 6,360 g/m² (wet weight) in 2000, the DO fluctuated daily from about 3 mg/l to about 12 mg/l. At an average macrophyte density of about 2,120 g/m² (wet weight) in 2002, the DO fluctuated from about 5 mg/l to about 9 mg/l daily. The model predicted that the DO would remain near 5 mg/l without macrophytes. The photo‐synthetic and respiration rates developed in the model (4.4 mg/g‐hr and 1.4 mg/g‐hr, respectively) agree well with literature values.     

EFFICACY AND COST OF AQUATIC WEED CONTROL IN SMALL PONDS'

ABSTRACT: Twenty, 0.2 hectare ponds were utilized for a four-year evaluation of three aquatic vegetation control techniques: a combination of inorganic fertilization and mechanical harvesting, aquatic herbicides, and grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). Ponds used for herbicide and grass carp treatments were managed at three levels of aquatic vegetation (none, 40 and 70 percent plant occupation). Submersed vegetation was not controlled with inorganic fertilization. Vegetation levels were maintained for less than 30 days after mechanicai harvesting. Submersed macrophytes were not completely eliminated with herbicides, but the herbicide treatments utilized were effective at maintaining aquatic vegetation above 30 percent pond volume occupation. Grass carp consumed all species of submersed vegetation at the stocking densities used in this study; therefore, planned levels of submersed macrophytes were not maintained. Grass carp did not consume all floating leaf vegetation, but after four years some grass carp ponds did have lower densities of floating leaf plants. Fertilization costs were $608/hectare/year, and mechanical harvesting costs were $1979/hectare/year, resulting in a total aquatic vegetation treatment cost of $2587/hectare/ year. Herbicide costs for the different treatment levels ranged from $417/hectare/year to $1339/hectare/year over the four-year period. Grass carp were the most economical vegetation control measure tested, with costs ranging from $159/hectare/year to $248/hectare/year for the four-year study.     

大型水生植物修复重金属污染水体研究进展

重金属污染水体的修复是一项艰巨的工程,以往的物理及化学修复不仅投资巨大而且效果不甚理想,而利用水生植物修复重金属污染水体是一种低廉有效的处理方法。文章综述了利用大型水生植物植物修复重金属水体的研究进展,重点阐述了4种生活型水生植物(挺水、漂浮、浮叶和沉水)对重金属的蓄积效果;并对植物修复重金属污染水体的影响因素如植物生活型、生物量、株龄以及重金属的类型、初始浓度和水体的理化性质等进行了讨论。最后,对利用组织培养技术进行植物筛选、利用基因工程技术使水生植物对重金属具有超蓄积能力、水生植物修复重金属污染水体机理机制研究以及应用多种类型植物的组合研究等方面进行了展望,并且提出了水生植物修复重金属污染水体的实际工程应用中需要注意的问题。     

沉水植物对受污染水体的修复机理及应用前景研究

随着工农业的发展和人口的增加,水体污染已经成为全球的环境问题,沉水植物修复是治理水体污染的主要措施之一。在总结了沉水植物对受污染水体的修复机理及其应用的基础上,对利用沉水植物净化污染水体的前景进行了展望。