虚拟现实地理信息系统技术在城市环境污染突发事件中应用探讨

通过分析事件驱动原理,将事件驱动机制（EDI）融入虚拟现实地理信息系统（VRGIS）的建模框架,探索基于VRGIS的事件驱动时空模型及其在城市环境污染突发事件响应中的应用前景以及主要技术设计过程,旨在为资源与环境的可持续利用研究提供一个形象直观的虚拟演示平台来反映城市中环境变化的空间响应及其对策定制等问题。     

Distribution of mercury in di erent environmental compartments in the aquatic ecosystem of the coastal zone of the Southern Baltic Sea

The aim of this study was to characterize mercury (Hg) contamination in the coastal waters of the Southern Baltic Sea, and to investigate transformations of Hg in the initial links of the marine food chain. Concentrations of Hg in water, particulate matter, plankton and macrophytes at various stations in the coastal zone (a bay with restricted water exchange, near an industrial city, river mouths, and the open sea) were measured in 2006–2008. Hg concentrations observed in the Southern Baltic varied greatly, showing the highest average values in all environmental compartments near the river mouths. In shallow, sheltered parts of the gulf, where water exchange is restricted, Hg concentrations in the water and in macrophytes were elevated relative to those in the coastal zone of the deeper part of the bay and in the open Baltic. Distance to the river mouth, terrestrial runo , and quantity and quality of organic matter were more important than seasonal variations in controlling Hg and HgSPM concentrations in water samples. Mercury concentrations in the surface microlayer at the air/sea interface were over 10 times higher than those in the bulk surface water. Concentrations of Hg in macrophytes in the winter were significantly higher than those in the warm seasons (spring, summer, autumn). This was probably the combined e ect of higher availability of Hg in porewaters and leaf growth inhibition.     

水质总磷的现场应急监测

对过硫酸钾氧化-钼锑抗分光光度法测定水中总磷的方法进行了改进。于Hach公司COD消解管中加入水样和氧化剂后,在消解管中加热消解水样,冷却后加入显色剂,再在与之配套的分光光度计上比色测定。方法简便,试剂用量较少,适用于水质总磷的现场应急监测。该法最低检出限为0．01mg／L,相对标准偏差≤3．47％,加标回收率为92％～105％,与标准法基本一致。     

五种挺水植物对矿山废水中锰的去除效能比较

以水葱、香蒲、芦苇、灯芯草和野茭白五种挺水植物为研究对象,通过实验室模拟人工湿地系统,研究在投加不同浓度梯度人工拟合酸性矿山废水条件下各植物对重金属锰的去除效能以及植物各部位对锰的富集能力。结果表明,野茭白和水葱的去除效能最显著,第七天的去除率达到90%和76%以上,香蒲的相对较差,为56%以上。五种植物各部位对重金属锰的富集能力均遵循同一规律:对于无茎植物,根富集浓度大于叶富集浓度;对于有茎植物,则为根大于茎大于叶。     

突发性油污染应急响应体系的运作模式

突发性油污染发生突然,危害严重,有必要建立一套有效的应急响应体系.笔者提出了针对突发性油污染应急响应体系的模式构想.     

不同沉水植物对沉积物磷迁移转化的影响

选择了微齿眼子菜(Potamogeton maackianus A.Benn .)、穗花狐尾藻(Myriophyllum spicatum L .)和金鱼藻(Ceratophyllum demerswn L .)3种沉水植物,在温室模拟研究了不同沉水植物对湖泊沉积物磷迁移转化的影响.研究结果表明,随着培养时间的延续微齿眼子菜和穗花狐尾藻对沉积物NaOH-P有明显的吸收和转化作用,分别吸收和转化了36.9%和33.2%,而金鱼藻对沉积物NaOH-P的影响不显著;各处理随着植物的生长,由于根系的吸收作用,沉积物中Olsell-P发生了从非根际→根际→沉水植物的迁移过程,其中微齿眼子菜和穗花狐尾藻更为明显.因此,微齿眼子菜和穗花狐尾藻对沉积物磷释放的控制作用更为明显.     

两种不同根系特征沉水植物对沉积物剖面不同形态磷的影响

为探究不同根系特征的沉水植物对沉积物中磷（P）的影响,本研究以狐尾藻（Myriophyllum spicatum L.,根系发达）和金鱼藻（Ceratophyllum demersum L.,无固定根）为材料开展室内培养试验.结果显示,狐尾藻和金鱼藻均能显著降低沉积物中的总磷（TP）、无机磷（IP）、氢氧化钠提取磷（NaOH-P）含量,去除率分别为9.0%和7.8%（TP）、9.8%和8.8%（IP）、15.7%和8.7%（NaOH-P）.狐尾藻对沉积物NaOH-P的去除效果显著优于金鱼藻.狐尾藻组中沉积物NaOH-P减少引起IP降低,进而造成TP降低.与初始状态相比,狐尾藻和金鱼藻处理下的上覆水溶解氧（DO）分别增加1.61 mg·L^-1和1.72 mg·L^-1,但pH和TP没有显著变化.结果表明,两种沉水植物在减少沉积物P、抑制上覆水TP上升方面均具有积极作用,但在沉积物NaOH-P含量高的浅水湖泊中,根系发达的狐尾藻的生态修复功能更为有效.     

铜离子对2种沉水植物种植水抑藻效应的影响

为了阐明铜离子对沉水植物化感抑藻作用的影响,利用2种常见且具有明显化感抑藻效应的沉水植物：马来眼子菜和苦草种植水进行了研究,分析了协同加入铜离子的情况下,种植水对铜绿微囊藻（Microcystis aeruginosa）脆杆藻（Fragilariasp．）和沙角衣藻（Chlamydomonas sajao）等单细胞蓝绿藻生长的抑制效应。铜离子投入量参考污水综合排放标准,综合考虑水生动物和藻类的耐铜毒性范围,在较低的范围内设置4个水平：100、150、200、250μg铜离子每升藻类培养液。研究结果表明,与不同水平铜离子混合后,种植水的抑藻效应出现4种情况,（1）被消除,100μg·L-1铜离子加入后,马来眼子菜种植水对脆杆藻、苦草种植水对铜绿微囊藻的抑制作用被消除。（2）被削弱,马来眼子菜种植水在加入100μg·L-1和150嵋·一铜离子2种情况下,对铜绿微囊藻抑制作用被削弱,加入200μg·L-1铜离子后,对脆杆藻抑制作用被削弱;苦草种植水在加入150μg·L-1铜离子后,对铜绿微囊藻的抑制被削弱。（3）无变化,马来眼子菜种植水,分别加入200μg·L-1和250μg·L-1铜离子后,对铜绿微囊藻抑制效应不受影响,分别加入150μg·L-1和250μg·L-1铜离子,对脆杆藻抑制效应不受影响;苦草种植水,加入150μg·L-1铜离子后,对铜绿微囊藻抑制效应不受影响,加入100μg·L-1和150μg·L-1铜离子后,对沙角抑藻的抑制效应不受影响。（4）被强化,苦草种植水,分别加入200μg·L-1和250μg·L-1铜离子后,对铜绿微囊藻、沙角抑藻的抑制效应均被强化。沉水植物化感抑藻物质主要是小分子的有机物,包括各种有机酸,而铜离子极易和水中的有机物发生络合反应．可能是铜离子与种植水中某些抑藻化感物质发生络合反应导致其抑藻效应受到影响．具体机制有待进一步研究。     

Modeling the refuge effect of submerged macrophytes in ecological dynamics of shallow lakes: A new model of fish functional response

Submerged macrophytes often provide refuge for zooplankton from fish predation in temperate and subtropical shallow lakes. However, since the relationship between submerged macrophyte abundance and its refuge effect has not been well established, the refuge effect is difficult to be simulated. In this paper, we constructed mathematical models to describe the refuge effect of submerged macrophytes on fish foraging activities and ecological dynamics of shallow lakes based on the previous studies. We clarified the underlying behavioral mechanisms of the observed functional responses through analyses of the fish foraging behavior, extracted the affected variables related to the refuge effect, formulized the relationship between the affected variables and submerged vegetation density, and determined parameter values with a compensative procedure. Calibration and validation results indicated that the new functional response model was successful to simulate the refuge effect on interfering with fish foraging behavior. Moreover, the model was cooperated into a minimal ecological model for shallow lakes. Modeling results showed that the model was able to simulate the refuge effect in ecological dynamics, and made the ecological model produce significantly different results from those with the existing functional response models.     

高突危险水体上煤层开采下限及带压开采分区研究

确定开采下限,对高突危险水体上煤层的安全开采具有十分重要的意义。本文基于肥城矿区地质条件,用FLAC3D软件,对开采煤层下伏岩层移动变形规律进行了深入研究,对煤层底板三带范围进行了初步确定;同时,从不同方面对煤层底板开采破坏深度进行了理论计算。根据突水系数、导水带深度、导升带高度和经验数据,确定出正常条件下带压开采的下限(-720m)以及安全措施条件下(底板预注浆处理等)的带压开采下限(-850m)。依据开采下限,对带压开采条件进行了分析,初步形成了高突危险水体上煤层带压开采的分区分类,划分了"开采相对安全区(安全开采区、次安全开采区、条件安全开采区)、深部突水危险区、构造突水危险区",为确定安全开采技术与工艺奠定了理论基础。