地下水中污染物运移过程数值模拟算法的比较

数值模拟已成为目前地下水有机污染现场中,预测和评价溶解相有机污染物运移的主要手段.自从MT3D问世以来,它在地下水溶质运移的模拟中得到了广泛的应用.MT3D中包含有4种不同的数值算法--MOC,MMOC,HMOC和UFDM.利用Processing MODFLOW Pro.7.0.5建立了均质一维流动的地下水数学模型,考虑溶解相有机污染物在地下水中运移时的4个主要影响因素--对流、弥散、吸附和降解,设定了14种代表性的情形,模拟了等浓度污染源条件下污染物的运移,并将不同数值算法的计算结果与理论解进行比较,从而研究不同数值算法的优缺点,为实际数值模拟时算法的选择提供依据.     

黄河水体石油类污染物生物降解模拟实验研究

采用模拟实验的方法研究了自然条件下石油类污染物的生物降解规律.结果表明,向泥沙含量为0g/L或0.5g/L的黄河水样中加入大约10mg/L的石油类污染物,经过一星期左右的驯化期后,石油降解菌菌落水平逐步升高;当石油类污染物的初始浓度为11.64mg/L,温度为20℃时,泥沙含量为0.5g/L的黄河水样中大约85%的石油类污染物在63d内能得到微生物降解;水体中泥沙的含量和石油类污染物的初始浓度均显著影响石油类污染物的生物降解速率,且在不同时段的影响不一;水体中泥沙的存在亦影响到石油类污染物的生物降解动力学.     

北京市地下水中高危害污染物筛选

地下水污染物对用水安全和人民健康造成了巨大的威胁.为开展地下水中高危害污染物筛选,改进了传统的危害评价方法,构建了涵盖毒理学优先指数法（Tox Pi）,吸收、分布、代谢、排泄（ADME）性质评估法和二模网络分析法的污染物危害评估-筛选-表征综合体系,针对北京市地下水中非靶检测到的234种疏水性有机污染物（HOCs）开展危害评估和毒害污染物筛选.利用Tox Pi方法筛选出危害潜力排名前20的污染物,在此基础上耦合其ADME性质进一步识别出17种高优先级HOCs,并通过二模网络分析,系统表征了这17种高优先级HOCs作用的基因分子靶点,通过关联性和加权平均度分析最终得到10种高危害的HOCs,并揭示其毒作用类型多集中于内分泌干扰效应、致癌效应以及遗传毒性.研究结果可为我国区域地下水污染物的防治提供技术支撑.     

城市大气污染物对PEMFC性能的影响

论述了城市空气污染物(即阴极气体杂质)对质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)性能的影响。提出了燃料电池汽车(FCV)进入商业化应用时即将面临的一个急待研究的课题。文中综述了CO、CO2、硫化物、碳氢化合物(HC)、氮氧化物(NOx)、NH3、卤素离子(X-)、酸沉降物以及大气颗粒物等对PEMFC性能的影响,同时对解决阴极气体杂质影响的途径进行了分析。     

EFFICIENCY OF AN INFILTRATION BASIN IN REMOVING CONTAMINANTS FROM URBAN STORMWATER

The efficiency of a Stormwater Infiltration Basin (SIB) to remove contaminants from urban stormwater was assessed in the current investigation. The SIB, installed in an urban suburb in eastern Sydney (Australia), was monitored over seven rainfall events to assess the removal efficiency of the remedial device for total suspended solids (TSS), nutrients (TP, TKN, N_ox, TN), trace metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn), organochlorine pesticides and faecal coliforms (FC) from stormwater. The weighted average concentration (WAC) of TSS in the stormwater effluent from the SIB was reduced by an average of 50%, whereas the WAC of Cu, Pb and Zn were also reduced by an average 68%, 93% and 52%, respectively. However, the WAC of Cr, Fe, Mn and Ni displays either similar concentrations as the stormwater influent (Cr and Mn), or substantially higher concentrations (Fe and Ni), due possibly to leaching of fine-grained zeolite clay particles in the filtration bed. The mean removal efficiency of the SIB for total phosphorus (TP) and total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) was 51% and 65%, respectively. In contrast, the average WAC of oxidisable nitrogen (nitrate and nitrite nitrogen or N_ox) is about 2.5 times greater in the effluent (1.34 ± 0.69 mg L^–1) than in the incoming stormwater (0.62 ± 0.25 mg L^–1). The WAC of total nitrogen (TN) was similar for stormwater at the in-flow and out-flow points. The SIB was very efficient in removing FC from stormwater; and the WAC of almost 70 (100 mL)^–1 at inflow was reduced to <2000 cfu (100 Ml)^–1 at the outflow, representing a mean removal efficiency of 96%. Due to the low concentrations of Cd, organochlorine pesticides and PAHs in the stormwater, it was not possible to assess the efficiency of the SIB in removing these contaminants.     

Spatial and Temporal Trends in Organochlorine Contamination and Bill Deformities in Double-Crested Cormorants (Phalacrocorax Auritus) from the Canadian Great Lakes

The levels of organochlorine contaminants (OCs) in the eggs of double-crested cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus) from the Canadian Great Lakes, Lake Nipigon and Lake-of-the-Woods were monitored between 1970 and 1995. PCBs and p,p-DDE were present at the highest concentrations. Significant declines in OC concentrations on the Great Lakes were observed over this period for Lake Ontario, Lake Superior, Georgian Bay and North Channel but not Lake Erie where levels remained relatively stable. In the early 1970s, the greatest OC levels were generally observed in cormorant eggs from nesting sites in Georgian Bay and North Channel of Lake Huron. Between 1984 and 1995 mirex and PCB levels were consistently highest in samples from Lakes Ontario and Erie, respectively. Similar levels of PCDDs and PCDFs were observed from all regions of the Canadian Great Lakes in 1989. In general, OC levels in cormorant eggs between 1984-95 were ranked as follows: Lake Erie>Lake Ontario Lake Superior>Lake Huron. In 1995, eggshell thickness in Canadian Great Lakes cormorants, ranged from 0.423 to 0.440 mm and was on average only 2.3% thinner than pre-DDT era values. Between 1988 and 1996, 31 cormorant chicks with bill defects were observed at 16 different colonies (21% of all colonies surveyed) in Lakes Ontario and Superior, Georgian Bay and North Channel, and the main body of Lake Huron. No bill deformities were observed at reference sites in northwestern Ontario (Lake Nipigon and Lake-of-the-Woods). For the period 1988-96, the prevalence of bill defects in cormorant chicks (0.0 to 2.8/10,000 chicks) did not differ significantly (P > 0.05) among most regions in the Canadian Great Lakes. Georgian Bay was the only region to show a significant decrease in the prevalence of bill defects between the periods 1979-87 and 1988-95.     

水环境中新兴污染物三氯蔗糖的研究进展

人工甜味剂——三氯蔗糖（sucralose,SUC）是一种应用广泛的食品添加剂,因其在水环境中被广泛检出,且具有高极性、持久性等特点,被US EPA（美国环境保护局）列为新兴污染物（emerging contaminant,EC）,相关检测、降解及毒理学研究逐渐增多.在比较了水环境中微量三氯蔗糖检测方法,总结了其在各地水环境中检出情况的基础上,重点阐述水处理工艺中三氯蔗糖的控制及转化.研究表明:固相萃取-液质联用（SPE-LC/MS）是检测水环境中人工甜味剂最常用的方法,可实现痕量三氯蔗糖的准确定性和定量,检测限低至几ng/L.以生物处理为主的污水处理工艺对三氯蔗糖降解效果甚微,大部分三氯蔗糖随排放进入水环境,继而进入饮用水处理及供水系统.欧美地区污水及地表水环境中三氯蔗糖检出浓度约为几至几十μg/L,饮用水中约为几百ng/L,国内水环境中检出水平与之相当,但资料数据相对匮乏.饮用水常规处理工艺对三氯蔗糖几乎没有控制效果,实际处理系统中氯和臭氧等氧化工艺控制效果甚微.试验研究中以产生羟基自由基、硫酸自由基等为主的高级氧化工艺可有效降解三氯蔗糖,但由于成本高,操作条件限制等难以大规模应用,此外三氯蔗糖降解过程中可能产生有害副产物.我国已经成为三氯蔗糖的第二大产地,人工甜味剂生产及使用规模大,理论上国内存在水环境污染范围广、污染水平高的分布特征,是水源中不容忽视的一类微量有机污染物.目前国内净水厂推广应用以臭氧为主的深度处理工艺,但三氯蔗糖在该工艺中因不完全降解可能导致多种含氯或脱氯产物的产生,对饮用水供水安全具有潜在威胁.      

AN INTEGRATIVE APPROACH TOWARDS UNDERSTANDING ECOLOGICAL RESPONSES TO DAM REMOVAL: THE MANATAWNY CREEK STUDY1

ABSTRACT: Dam removal has been proposed as an effective method of river restoration, but few integrative studies have examined ecological responses to the removal of dams. In 1999, we initiated an interdisciplinary study to determine ecological responses to the removal of a 2 m high dam on lower Manatawny Creek in southeastern Pennsylvania. We used an integrative monitoring program to assess the physical, chemical, and biological responses to dam removal. Following removal in 2000, increased sediment transport has led to major changes in channel form in the former impoundment and downstream reaches. Water quality did not change markedly following removal, probably because of the impoundment's short hydraulic residence time (less than two hours at base flow) and infrequent temperature stratification. When the impoundment was converted to a free flowing reach, the composition of the benthic macroinvertebrate and fish assemblages in this portion of Manatawny Creek shifted dramatically from lentic to lotic taxa. Some fish species inhabiting the free flowing reach downstream from the dam were negatively affected by large scale sediment transport and habitat alteration following dam removal, but this appears to be a short term response. Based on our observations and experiences in this study, we provide a list of issues to evaluate when considering future dam removals.     

挡水板高度对倾斜土槽污染物去除效果的影响

采用干湿交替方法,用5层倾斜土槽装置填充蜂窝煤渣和砂壤土等附着材料,探讨3种不同挡水板高度(90 mm、60 mm和30 mm)处理对模拟生活污水污染指标去除率的影响。结果表明:3种处理对污水中BOD5、COD、TP的去除率均在87%～95%以上、TN的去除率在69%～80%之间,对COD、TP平均去除率的影响不显著,但对BOD5和TN有显著影响,其平均去除率的顺序为:去除率90 mm≈去除率60 mm>去除率30 mm。本试验条件下采用60 mm为最适合水板高度,以满足装置一定污水流量的处理负荷。     

Vectors and Timing of Freshwater Invasions in Great Britain

Abstract: Nonindigenous freshwater species cause large ecological and economic impacts in Great Britain. In response the government is in the process of implementing a broad, new nonindigenous species strategy. We assembled a list of all nonindigenous freshwater species that are or were established in Great Britain, their date of first record, and their vector of introduction. This list provides a baseline against which the success of new policies can be assessed. Because the biota of Great Britain has been well recorded, our results provide a highly resolved case study of the vectors and drivers of species transport and establishment. A total of 117 nonindigenous freshwater species are currently established in Great Britain; a further 17 species were once established but are now extirpated. Between 1800 and 2000 the number of established species increased at an accelerating rate, and this increase correlated with the growth in human population and gross domestic product. The construction of large reservoirs in Great Britain occurred over a short period and overlapped high rates of new species establishment, indicating that habitat modification may have been an important driver of establishment. Nonindigenous species now account for 24% of fish, 12% of plant, 54% of amphibian, and 88% of decapod crustacean freshwater species richness in Great Britain. The ornamental trades have been responsible for the greatest percentages of intentionally (73%) and unintentionally (34%) introduced species that have become established. Shipping and aquaculture have also been strong vectors. These vectors should be prioritized for management within the new nonindigenous species strategy.