全球能源消费与CO2排放量

在收集全球能源储量和流通状况的基础上，综述了世界各地区能源消费量和各国人均能源水平，汇总了全球ＣＯ２排放总量及各大洲对全球ＣＯ２排放量的贡献率，到２１００年，全球Ｃ矿量预计将从目前６０亿ｔ／ａ增加到３６０亿ｔ／ａ，同时，旨出１９９６年中世界人口１８．８％的北美、欧洲、日本、ＣＯ２排放３１．６亿ｔ（碳），占全球当年ＣＯ２排放总量的５２．４％。     

面向配额分配模拟的工业行业碳排放绩效——以郑州市为例

开展工业行业碳排放绩效研究,对于落实碳减排承诺、完善碳交易体制、推动低碳产业发展具有重要意义。采用郑州市2013年181家工业企业的基础数据,通过构建碳排放综合绩效指标体系和配额分配模型,开展不同行业的综合绩效评价和配额分配模拟。主要结论如下:(1)不同行业的碳排放强度分布极不均衡且与碳排放总量具有一定的关联性,但关联类型不尽相同。电力、热力生产和供应业的碳排放强度最高(5.4115 t/万元),烟草制品业的碳排放强度最低(0.0046 t/万元)。(2)不同行业单位用地碳排放量、单位劳动力碳排放量差异较大。电力、热力生产和供应业的单位用地碳排放及单位劳动力碳排放明显高于其他行业。(3)碳排放综合绩效表明,电力、热力生产和供应业的碳排放绩效最低,汽车制造业的碳排放绩效最高。(4)不同行业因综合绩效的差异获得与基准年碳排放不同增减比例的配额,其中,电力、热力生产和供应业获得的配额最多,化学纤维制造业获得的配额最少。通过碳配额分配模拟,郑州市整体减排18.206万t,减排比例为5.56%。(5)建议完善行业配额分配方案,并试点实施以碳排放综合绩效评价为基础的行业配额分配,实现资源节约、环境保护和碳减排的协同。     

Effects of lignin on nitrification in soil

The effects of two lignins isolated from black liquor from pulping process on nitrification in soils after addition of urea,(NH4)2SO4 and (NH4)2HPO4 were investigated by incubation at 20 or 30℃ for 7 or 14d.The effects of lignin on nitrous oxide emissions from soil were also detenmined.Results showed that both lignins were more effective for inhibiting nitrification of NH4^ -N as(NH4)2SO4 of(NH4)2HPO4 as compared to urea-N.The effectiveness of lignin on nitrification was markedly affected by different soil type and temperature.Nitrous oxide emissions from soil declined when lignin was used.Urea plus 20 and 50 g/kg lignin reduced N2O emissions by about 83% and 96%,respectively,while(NH4)2HPO4 plus 20 and 50g/kg lignin respectively reduced emissions by 83% and 93%.Because of its low cost and nonhazardous characteristics,lignin has potential value as a fertilizer amendment to improve N fertilizer efficiency.     

汞行业污染物排放标准制定初探

阐述了制定汞行业污染物排放标准的重要意义,提出了制定汞行业污染物排放标准应遵循的基本原则和应考虑的因素,拟制了编制该标准的框架及程序。     

机动车尾气的产生及对人群健康的影响和防治对策

较详细的介绍了机动车燃料和尾气的关系，全面论述了尾气中主要污染物对人体健康的危害，并对防治尾气的污染提出了建议。     

长沙市城市公共安全综合试点方案

简要介绍了城市公共安全综合试点项目的启动背景 ,分析了长沙市目前的公共安全现状 ,提出了综合试点方案 ,包括建立长沙市公共安全基础数据库 ,开展重大危险源辨识和生命线应急能力评估 ,建立长沙市重大事故预防控制体系 ,建立长沙市应急联动系统 ,编制长沙市公共安全规划等五部分。该方案既结合了长沙的实际又具有较高的起点 ,实施思路清晰 ,它的实施对提高长沙市的公共安全水平具有重要意义且试点成果具有一定的典型性和示范性。     

16Mn钢疲劳过程中的声发射特性研究

根据有关标准,设计加工了16Mn钢试样,并运用LOCAN320声发射仪、MTS810疲劳实验机和声发射传感器,用3种不同的试验方案,采集16Mn钢材料疲劳过程中的声发射(AcousticEmission,AE)信号特征参数,用于分析其疲劳过程中的声发射特性。重点探讨了16Mn钢材料在低周疲劳全过程中释放的声发射信号特征参数变化规律,得出声发射技术可用来评估16Mn钢材料的损伤程度,进而预测其疲劳寿命的结论。此外,充分利用试验中得到的不同疲劳载荷条件下试样的疲劳寿命,根据成组法修正了矩形截面试样16Mn钢材料的S-N曲线,经验证与实际结果吻合性较好。     

加拿大油气系统温室气体逃逸排放清单简述

油气系统温室气体逃逸排放是温室气体排放清单的重要组成部分。加拿大在清单中统一考虑了油气系统可能存在的温室气体排放源,因此清单中不仅包括了温室气体的逃逸排放(泄漏、排空),还考虑了能源燃烧中的气体排放,所考虑的温室气体种类既包括甲烷,也包括二氧化碳。采用的是政府间气候变化专门委员会(IPCC)第三层次方法(Tier3),即设备清单法、操作时间法和活动水平法三种计算方法,详细地将排放源分类进行估算。该国对数据的管理、质量控制和质量评估、不确定性分析以及在如何保证数据的持续性方面的作法都值得我们学习和借鉴。     

基于小波分析的声发射信号处理

小波分析作为一种新的信号分析处理方法，可对任意信号，信号的任一时刻、任一频段进行时频分析。将小波分析用于声发射信号处理，有助于声发射技术的发展与推广应用。     

Preparation and emission characteristics of ethanol-diesel fuel blends

The preparation of ethanol-diesel fuel blends and their emission characteristics were investigated. Results showed the absolute ethanol can dissolve in diesel fuel at an arbitrary ratio and a small quantity of water(0.2% ) addition can lead to the phase separation of blends. An organic additive was synthesized and it can develop the ability of resistance to water and maintain the stability of ethanol-diesel-trace amounts of water system. The emission characteristics of 10%, 20%, and 30% ethanol-diesel fuel blends, with or without additives, were compared with those of diesel fuel in a direct injection(DI) diesel engine. The experimental results indicated that the blend of ethanol with diesel fuel significantly reduced the concentrations of smoke, hydrocarbon(HC), and carbon monoxide(CO) in exhaust gas. Using 20% ethanol-diesel fuel blend with the additive of 2% of the total volume, the optimum mixing ratio was achieved, at which the bench diesel engine testing showed a significant decrease in exhaust gas. Bosch smoke number was reduced by 55%, HC emission by 70%, and CO emission by 45%, at 13 kW/1540 r/min. However, ethanol-diesel fuel blends produced a few ppm acetaldehydes and more ethanol in exhaust gas.