The influence of air–fuel ratio on engine performance and pollutant emission of an SI engine using ethanol–gasoline-blended fuels

Ethanol–gasoline-blended fuel was tested in a conventional engine under various air–fuel equivalence ratios (λ) for its performance and emissions. The amount of fuel injection was adjusted manually by an open-loop control system using a CONSULT controller. It was found that without changing throttle opening and injection strategy, λ could be extended to a leaner condition as ethanol content increased. The results of engine performance tests showed that torque output would increase slightly at small throttle valve opening when ethanol–gasoline-blended fuel was used. It was also shown that CO and HC emissions were reduced with the increase of ethanol content in the blended fuel, which resulted from oxygen enrichment. At an air–fuel equivalence ratio slightly larger than one, the smallest amounts of CO and HC and the largest amounts of CO₂ resulted. It was noted that under the lean combustion condition, CO₂ emission was controlled by air–fuel equivalence ratio; while under the rich combustion condition, CO₂ emission is offset by CO emission. It was also found that CO₂ emission per unit horse power output for blended fuel was similar or less than that for gasoline fuel. From the experimental data, the optimal ethanol content in the gasoline and air–fuel equivalence ratio in terms of engine performance and air pollution was found.     

Estimation of heavy metal emission fluxes on the territory of the NIS

As the result of our research, the specific procedures to use emission factor methodology were developed and applied for trace metal emission evaluation into the atmosphere over the territory of the former Soviet Union. The existing data on heavy metal emissions were revised as background information from official sources and expert estimations. Source categories and different initial information as well as the concept of spatial emission distribution were defined and observed. The calculated atmospheric emissions of lead, cadmium and mercury were produced among the main source categories of 12 NIS countries for 1990, 1995 and 1997, using modified emission coefficients.Total cadmium emissions into the atmosphere from determined source categories were estimated as 388.4 tonnes in 1990 for the whole domain with reduction by up to 207.0 tonnes per year for 1997. Mercury emissions were estimated as equal to 303.2 tonnes in 1990 and 159.8 tonnes in 1997. Lead emission amounted to 24903.0 tonnes in 1990, and 9652.5 tonnes in 1997.The results of the evaluation demonstrated the general trends of atmospheric heavy metal emissions with a greater decrease during the first half of the 1990s followed later by the rather stable level to be explained by recession in industrial activity and fuel consumption in NIS in that period. The significant spatial variations of atmospheric emissions over vast territories are described based on the results of their distribution according to 1×1 degree grid with remarkably higher values in the location of industrial cities.     

机动车颗粒污染物排放因子研究进展

综述了国内外几种常用的机动车颗粒污染物排放因子的确定方法,介绍了各模型的使用概况及其优缺点,最后提出对机动车颗粒污染物排放因子应深入开展有关研究。     

冶金企业无组织排放颗粒物影响评价

以上海市某冶金企业为例,该厂有正常运行的冶炼炉13座,每年向大气中排放大量颗粒污染物.基于高斯倾斜烟羽模式,整理了2003年上海市全年的气象资料,运用气象概率矩阵法计算了该厂直排点源及无组织面源排放颗粒物的影响,得出了厂区内无组织排放颗粒物落地浓度等值线图.计算结果表明,厂区内颗粒物污染主要来自无组织面源,污染集中在厂区中心的污染源附近;直排点源对环境的影响较小,污染主要集中在下风向.     

Dioxins and related compounds: Status and regulatory aspects

Several countries have put much effort in dioxin research programmes with the aim to assess the risks of dioxin exposure, to identify dioxin sources and to quantify their contribution to environmental emissions and human exposure. In this review, the accent has been put on: sources of dioxins and their contribution to the total dioxin emissions, sources of human exposure and their contribution to exposure and measures to reduce emission and exposure. The information from countries with existing dioxin regulations is reviewed and compared. Uncertainties which hamper comparability of data are indicated. Results of measures and expectations for the near future are presented.     

Flow analysis of PCDD/Fs for Tarragona Province, Spain

The present study was intended to establish an inventory of PCDD/F emissions in Tarragona Province (Catalonia, NE Spain), as a preliminary phase in the development of a flow analysis of PCDD/Fs in this Province. In 1999, global PCDD/F emissions reached a value of 2.24 g I-TEQ/y, which means a density of 3.8 micrograms I-TEQ/inhabitant/y. The low amount of PCDD/Fs emitted to air by the only municipal solid waste incinerator in the Province (approximately 0.04% of the total) has been one of the most notable results. As a reflection of uncertainties in the estimates for individual sources, the 90th percentiles of PCDD/F releases for 1999 ranged up to 4.1 g I-TEQ/y.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Juniperus oxycedrus</Emphasis> ssp.<Emphasis Type="Italic">macrocarpa</Emphasis> in SW Spain: Ecology and conservation problems

Woodlands of the Mediterranean speciesJuniperus oxycedrus ssp.macrocarpa (maritime juniper) are both vulnerable and ecologically important. Their ecology and biological status along the SW coast of Spain are not well known; this, the first major study of these juniper populations is a basis for future research and restoration policies. These communities are subject to harsh conditions, the plant composition being controlled by several factors at different scales. On a large scale, climate and soil texture play an important role in controlling the soil water availability to plants, and in separating xerophytic from mesic communities. On a small scale, coastal physiography, and substrate composition are related to differences in the floristic composition. Coastal plantations modify environmental conditions, such as sand mobility and salt spray deposition, inducing important changes in plant communities. The population of maritime juniper on this coast was estimated in ca. 25 000 individuals, of which 93.6% are concentrated in three locations. Large proportions of young individuals were found in extensive and protected populations. Howerver, adult individuals dominated the smaller populations located under pine plantations. This limitation of recruitment may be imposed by several factors. A male biased ratio was detected on the southern coast of Cádiz, which I hypothesize is due to the lower cost of pollen production in a stressful habitat. Preservation of suitable habitats, the recovery of abandoned pine plantations, and the connection between juniper populations, seem to be important requisites for the conservation of maritime juniper in the southwestern coast of Spain.     

天津市高架点源对城区空气质量影响分析

从典型高架点源到城市众多高架源的污染进行综合分析，阐述了高架点源的污染分布特征和对城市空气质量的影响，高架点源对天津市污染物排放贡献率为45％，但对城市空气质量影响为12％。     

电子废物现状评述与资源化初探

电子垃圾是目前增长速度最快的固体废物之一,对其不合理处置和利用已引起了日趋严峻的环境污染。文章从电子废物的危害及回收利用的角度,概述了当前国内外数量巨大的电子废物的污染现状及其回收利用处理技术,并结合国内实际,从电子废物的回收系统和资源化处理利用技术方面提出了具有可行性的建议和设想。